Table 2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion	Exclusion
English	Non-English
Year range: 2010–2023	Pre-2010
Working age population: 18–65	Non-working age population (<18 or >65)
Workers only—no vulnerable groups, for example, pregnant women	Non-workers
Only human studies	Non-human studies (animal studies, for example)
Co-exposures, BTEX, VOC studies if direct toluene findings presented	Co-exposures, BTEX, VOC studies not addressing toluene directly
Both genders (males, females)	Studies addressing toluene abuse (not occupational)
Full-text articles	Healthy volunteers (unless occupationally exposed)
All and any publications related to the review questions and the topic addressed by the integrative review: Effects of toluene on the health of workers Short-term and/or long-term effects Acute and/or chronic effects Any reported effects

BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene; VOC, volatile organic compound.