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. 2025 Feb 11;14(1):16. doi: 10.3390/antib14010016

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Clinical trends of PCEs. Among four clinical trials on phagocyte cell engagers (PCEs), 50.0% target immune-modulatory cytokines like GM-CSF, while Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and HER2 each account for 25.0%. Together, GM-CSF and Gal-3 represent 75.0% of the trials, reflecting a therapeutic strategy distinct from TCEs and NKCEs. At the clinical stage, 50.0% of PCE trials are in Phase I, while the remaining 50.0% have advanced to Phase II, indicating the increasing activity of PCE therapies in clinical development.