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. 2025 Feb 21;13:e18364. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18364

Table 3. The univariate analysis results.

Risk factors No. of study Heterogeneity OR/SMD (95% CI) P P of Egger
I2 (%) P
Binary variables
Male 19 43.6 0.023 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) 0.206 0.319
Female 19 43.6 0.023 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) 0.206 0.319
Smoking history 4 55.7 0.079 0.71 (0.37, 1.38) 0.314 0.166
Previous chest surgery 3 45.7 0.159 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) 0.686 0.680
Donor Men 2 0 0.372 0.59 (0.37, 0.92) 0.022 <0.001
Pulmonary fibrosis 14 30.2 0.135 1.34 (1.09, 1.65) 0.006 0.912
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12 51.7 0.019 0.78 (0.54, 1.11) 0.164 0.015
Interstitial lung disease 6 47.5 0.090 1.03 (0.74, 1.42) 0.875 0.703
Pulmonary hypertension 6 0 0.552 1.19 (0.74, 1.89) 0.473 0.239
Alpha-1-anti-trrysine deficiency 3 27.3 0.253 0.69 (0.33, 1.45) 0.328 0.623
Bronchiectasis 6 43.2 0.117 1.04 (0.59, 1.82) 0.902 0.679
Bronchiolitis obliterans 2 0 0.320 1.22 (0.41, 3.59) 0.722 <0.001
Hypertension 15 0 0.467 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) 0.007 0.514
Diabetes mellitus 18 0 0.633 1.18 (0.97, 1.45) 0.104 0.284
Dyslipidemia 5 0 0.887 1.58 (0.95, 2.63) 0.077 0.200
Chronic kidney failure 5 47.7 0.105 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) 0.862 0.303
Pulmonary hypertension 4 0 0.606 1.33 (0.90, 1.96) 0.149 0.017
Peripheral vascular disease 2 0 0.732 1.06 (0.24, 4.61) 0.038 <0.001
Cerebrovascular disease 2 46.6 0.171 0.48 (0.08, 2.85) 0.032 <0.001
Coronary artery disease 5 0 0.416 1.23 (0.85, 1.77) 0.269 0.163
Creatinine clearance > 90 mL min 2 38.3 0.203 1.49 (0.99, 2.24) 0.055 <0.001
Recipient CMV+ 2 13 0.284 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) 0.724 <0.001
Pre-op MV 6 0 0.655 3.30 (1.84, 5.90) <0.001 0.061
Pre-op ECMO 11 0 0.634 3.70 (2.51, 5.45) <0.001 0.510
Double lung transplantation 15 53.3 0.008 1.91 (1.45, 2.53) <0.001 0.949
Single lung transplantation 9 44.1 0.074 0.52 (0.42, 0.64) <0.001 0.137
Intra-op ECMO support 13 39.8 0.068 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) 0.099 0.808
Cardiopulmonary bypass support 5 0 0.991 1.82 (1.38, 2.40) <0.001 0.455
Cardiovascular events 4 3.4 0.376 1.50 (1.15, 1.96) 0.003 0.308
Blood cell transfusion 2 7.7 0.298 1.93 (1.00, 3.75) 0.051 <0.001
Intra-op hypotension 3 30.7 0.236 2.70 (1.42, 5.14) 0.003 0.823
Aprotinin use 3 52.3 0.123 1.67 (0.82, 3.38) 0.157 0.040
Post-op ECMO 7 0 0.773 1.90 (1.20, 3.01) 0.006 0.681
Reoperation 2 0 0.550 1.89 (0.91, 3.94) 0.089 <0.001
Sepsis 6 0 0.674 3.20 (2.16, 4.73) <0.001 0.012
Stage 3 primary graft dysfunction 3 76.8 0.013 2.29 (0.86, 6.10) 0.096 0.035
Primary graft dysfunction 2 44.4 0.180 5.59 (2.62, 11.93) <0.001 <0.001
Multiple organ dysfunction during ICU 2 0 0.422 11.11 (4.17, 29.61) <0.001 <0.001
pH < 7.20 on ICU admission 2 46.8 0.170 0.87 (0.39, 1.90) 0.720 <0.001
Lactate > 3 mmol L 2 18.3 0.269 2.52 (1.50, 4.25) <0.001 <0.001
Mechanical ventilation > 3 d 2 0 0.344 2.68 (1.53, 4.69) 0.001 <0.001
Dialysis 5 0 0.551 12.79 (6.11, 26.8) <0.001 0.415
Repeat chest surgery 2 32.6 0.223 0.92 (0.40, 2.11) 0.846 <0.001
Pneumonia 2 0 0.734 4.04 (1.90, 8.61) <0.001 <0.001
Ganciclovir 2 0 0.659 1.16 (0.61, 2.21) 0.654 <0.001
Basiliximab 2 0 0.816 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) 0.945 <0.001
Cyclosporine 4 73.2 0.011 0.73 (0.40, 1.32) 0.296 0.668
Supra-therapeutic whole-blood tacrolimus trough concentration 2 0 0.738 2.27 (1.16, 4.48) 0.017 <0.001
Tacrolimus 4 25.5 0.258 1.09 (0.81, 1.45) 0.572 0.680
Amphotericin B intravenous infused 2 39.5 0.199 2.88 (1.5, 5.54) 0.001 <0.001
Continuous variables
Age, year 19 20.3 0.207 −0.04 (−0.11, 0.04) 0.319 0.861
BMI, kg/m2 14 24.1 0.194 −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) 0.535 0.196
Donor Age, year 3 0 0.949 0.03 (−0.14, 0.21) 0.719 0.669
FEV1, % 2 0 0.554 −0.35 (−0.83, 0.12) 0.144 <0.001
Lung allocation score 4 0 0.394 0.34 (0.24, 0.45) <0.001 0.866
Pre-op APACHE II score 4 76.7 0.005 0.19 (−0.26, 0.64) 0.407 0.482
SCr, mg/dl 13 86.9 <0.001 −0.05 (−0.32, 0.22) 0.715 0.325
GFR, mL/min 12 82.2 <0.001 0.21 (−0.02, 0.45) 0.068 0.013
ALT, IU/L 2 43.8 0.182 −0.05 (−0.37, 0.27) 0.755 <0.001
AST, IU/L 2 0 0.666 0.13 (−0.19, 0.45) 0.430 <0.001
WBC, ×109/L 2 0 0.884 0.2 (−0.04, 0.43) 0.108 <0.001
Platelets, ×109/L 2 0 0.439 −0.04 (−0.28, 0.2) 0.740 <0.001
Hemoglobin, g/L 5 61.6 0.034 −0.29 (−0.58, 0.00) 0.051 0.452
Total bilirubin, mg/dL 2 55.7 0.133 0.07 (−0.34, 0.47) 0.742 <0.001
BUN, mg/dL 2 0 0.349 0.03 (−0.21, 0.27) 0.818 <0.001
Operating time, min 13 67.1 <0.001 0.22 (0.03, 0.4) 0.023 0.365
Waitlist time, d 2 10.1 0.292 −0.02 (−0.16, 0.12) 0.767 <0.001
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg 2 0 0.758 −0.02 (−0.30, 0.27) 0.901 <0.001
Blood transfusions, ml 5 34.8 0.189 0.12 (−0.08, 0.32) 0.249 0.801
Transfusion RBC, ml 5 52.6 0.077 0.33 (0.08, 0.58) 0.011 0.676
Transfusion Plasma, ml 4 49 0.141 0.38 (0.12, 0.64) 0.004 0.065
Transfused platelets, ml 3 0 0.784 −0.15 (−0.45, 0.16) 0.346 <0.001
Total crystalloid, mL 2 0 0.527 −0.02 (−0.28, 0.25) 0.903 <0.001
Loss of blood, mL 6 56.4 0.043 0.16 (−0.12, 0.45) 0.264 0.916
Cardiopulmonary bypass, min 2 29.7 0.233 0.07 (−0.09, 0.24) 0.390 <0.001
Ischemia time, min 6 53 0.059 0.20 (0.00, 0.40) 0.050 0.475
Median TAC concentration, ng/mL 2 0 0.937 0.60 (0.34, 0.85) <0.001 <0.001
Intraoperative fluid intake, ml 2 89.3 0.002 −0.12 (−1.54, 1.30) 0.868 <0.001
Intra-op Fluid balance, ml 3 63.9 0.063 0.39 (−0.10, 0.87) 0.117 0.059
Duration of ECMO support, d 4 0 0.758 0.36 (0.16, 0.57) <0.001 0.132
Duration of MV, d 12 77.9 <0.001 0.47 (0.20, 0.74) 0.001 0.624
Day 1 SCr levels, mg/dL 2 25.6 0.246 0.77 (0.17, 1.37) 0.012 <0.001
Day 3 SCr levels, mg/dL 2 79.6 0.027 0.53 (−0.67, 1.73) 0.384 <0.001