Table 4.

Themes based on topic classification, bigrams, and sample tweets.

Theme and topic			Bigrams		Sample tweets
Preventive measures and safety
	Face mask	Wear mask		A note for your safety from the new coronavirus infection: Avoid social gatherings with more than 1 person. Avoid crowded areas or places where you might interact with individuals who are sick. Avoid handshakes as they are among the primary causes of virus transmission. Wear a mask whenever possible.
	Hands	Wash hands, use sanitizers		Avoid gatherings, closed spaces, and crowded areas, along with regularly washing your hands with water and soap or sanitizing them with alcohol-based disinfectants. By God’s will, you will be protected from contracting the new coronavirus.
	Social distancing	Social distancing		Social distancing means staying away from gatherings and crowded places. If you must leave your home, maintain a distance of at least 2 meters from the people around you. Source: Cleveland Clinic, COVID-19.
Medical and health care aspects
	Health authorities	Precautionary measures, followed the instructions		Home quarantine protects against the risk of a person spreading the coronavirus without showing symptoms, making them a potential source of transmission to various groups. Preventive measures against COVID-19 ease the burden on health care providers, enabling them to fulfill their roles in treating other illnesses and performing preventive tasks, including COVID-19 detection. Voice of the physician.
	Recovery	Case recovery		Breaking: The Ministry of Health announces the recovery of the first coronavirus case in the kingdom. This concerns the young man who returned from Italy and was previously announced as the first imported case of the virus in Morocco. COVID-19, Morocco, Recovery, Ministry of Health.
	Treatment	Treating the infected		The Minister of Health announces the initiation of treating patients with COVID-19 with the chloroquine vaccine.
	Treatment	New drug		The Washington Post reports that Chinese experts and physicians have successfully fought COVID-19 using chloroquine, a drug primarily used to treat malaria, and Kaletra, an HIV medication that combines lopinavir and ritonavir. Emirati physician Omar Al Hammadi shares the success of this trial.
	Hospital	Field hospital		Starting Sunday, a physician will accompany every ambulance, and a field hospital will be established inside the trade unions complex. Dr Ali Al-Abous, President of the Jordanian Medical Association, comments on the nationwide curfew in Jordan due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Government and social measures
	Lockdowns and suspending	Closing shops, suspending schools		Precautionary measures in Kuwait against COVID-19: suspension of studies and work, cancellation of weddings, closure of mosques, closure of malls, closure of salons, partial curfew, extension of the suspension of studies, regulation of work in central markets, closure of shops, postponement of installments.
	Travel restrictions	Travel ban		Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia suspended studies, banned cafes and shisha, prohibited sports gatherings and cinemas, halted entertainment activities, stopped Umrah and travel, and conducted intensive testing to search for patients. All for your benefit—help your government overcome these circumstances with minimal losses.
	Home orders	Stay home		Stay home and protect your family from coronavirus. Prevention guidelines. Stay home.
	Curfew	Curfew		Breaking: Al Jazeera correspondent reports the sounding of alarm sirens across Jordan as the nationwide curfew begins to combat the spread of COVID-19.
	Remote	Remote work		It is everyone’s duty to follow the precautionary measures taken by our government, may God protect them, to prevent the spread of COVID-19. At our facility, we have informed the success team to work remotely from their homes until further notice.
Impact and numbers
	New cases	Confirmed cases, increase in cases		The Kuwaiti Ministry of Health has reported new cases of the novel coronavirus, and the total number of patients that have exited quarantine is 20.
	Deaths	Coronavirus deaths		A new death has been recorded in Jordan due to COVID-19, bringing the total number of deaths to 5.
Vaccine development and research
	Religious guidelines	Prayer, supplication		Breaking: The Senior Scholars Authority calls on everyone to adhere to the instructions, guidelines, and regulations, to fear God, and to resort to prayer and supplication. COVID-19, Saudi Arabia.
	Umrah	Suspension of Umrah		It was discovered during the COVID-19 crisis that preserving life is one of the most important objectives of Sharia, and everything is subordinated to it. The suspension of Umrah and prayer in mosques reflects the greatness of Islam and the depth of Sharia's objectives.
Global impact of COVID-19 on sports and countries
	Postponement of matches	Postponement of matches		The Union of European Football Association has decided to postpone all matches scheduled for next week. Sports, COVID-19.
	Italy	The situation in Italy		Terrifying numbers in Italy and Iran; a video shows the spread of the coronavirus outside China until March.
COVID-19 and national efforts
	King Salman	Royal support		King Salman bin Abdulaziz and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announces support for the private sector with 1 billion Saudi riyals to face the expected financial and economic impacts of the coronavirus.
	Thanks	Government gratitude		We thank God for the blessing of Islam and the blessing of Salman. Every Saudi has the right to be proud and boast about Saudi Arabia. May God protect its government and people from all harm. Saudi Arabia. COVID-19. Stay at home.