Skip to main content
. 2025 Feb 10;27:e56203. doi: 10.2196/56203

Table 4.

Descriptive statistics and main comparisons for primary and secondary outcomes at 3-month follow-up.


Participants, n (intervention, iTAUa) Intervention + iTAU, mean (SD) iTAU alone, mean (SD) Within group, B (95% CI) Between group




Intervention + iTAU iTAU alone d P valueb B (95% CI)
Primary outcome

Composite (range –2.25 to 2.25) 46, 50








Baseline
–0.10 (0.79) –0.01 (0.80) c


Follow-up
–0.21 (0.86) 0.19 (0.86) –0.13 (–0.37 to – 0.02) 0.20 (–0.02 to 0.43) –0.39 .02 –0.34 (–0.64 to –0.04)
Secondary outcomes

PHQ-9d (range 0-27) 47, 61








Baseline
13.89 (5.97) 13.41 (5.45)


Follow-up
9.79 (6.46) 13.05 (6.45) –4.30 (–5.56 to –3.04) –0.50 (–1.73 to 0.72) –0.65 <.001 –3.92 (–5.70 to –2.15)

RMDQe (range 0-24) 33, 44








Baseline
13.36 (5.49) 14.00 (6.05)


Follow-up
13.06 (6.28) 14.39 (6.18) –0.36 (–1.90 to 1.18) 0.04 (–0.87 to 0.95) –0.12 .43 –0.74 (–2.58 to1.10)

FPS-Rf (range 0-10) 33, 44








Baseline
4.67 (1.78) 5.00 (2.18)


Follow-up
5.21 (2.50) 5.73 (2.05) 0.43 (–0.37 to 1.23) 0.65 (–0.13 to 1.43) –0.10 .79 –0.14 (–1.13 to 0.86)

HbA1cg (diabetes: ≥6.5) 16, 5








Baseline
6.73 (0.66) 7.54 (1.40)


Follow-up
6.89 (1.31) 7.54 (2.08) 0.23 (–0.26 to 0.72) –0.01 (–0.78 to 0.77) 0.18 .60 0.23 (–0.61 to 1.07)

SF-12h (range 0-100) 47, 60








Baseline
33.91 (19.43) 33.17 (17.81)


Follow-up
43.46 (24.01) 33.04 (21.95) 10.81 (5.98 to15.64) 1.19 (–2.25 to 4.63) 0.52 .002 9.04 (3.21 to 14.87)

PANASi-positive subscale (range 10-50) 44, 59








Baseline
20.68 (7.14) 21.47 (7.05)


Follow-up
25.36 (9.77) 21.24 (8.88) 4.84 (2.04 to 7.64) –0.03 (–1.86 to 1.80) 1.13 .001 4.73 (2.01 to 7.45)

PANAS-negative subscale (range 10-50) 44, 59








Baseline
25.89 (8.50) 27.17 (8.46)


Follow-up
21.09 (8.34) 25.47 (9.31) –5.05 (–7.14 to – 2.95) –1.32 (–3.14 to 0.50) –0.36 .02 –3.67 (–6.63 to –0.71)

OFSj (range 10-50) 47, 60








Baseline
31.02 (7.86) 30.43 (8.18)


Follow-up
34.06 (9.01) 30.32 (8.13) 3.13 (0.98 to 5.29) 0.03 (–1.60 to 1.68) 0.39 .02 3.08 (0.55 to 5.62)

aiTAU: improved treatment as usual.

bAll significant results remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method.

cNot applicable.

dPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

eRMDQ: Rolland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.

fFPS-R: Faces Pain Scale-Revised.

gHbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin.

hSF-12: 12-item Short Form Survey.

iPANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Scale.

jOFS: Openness to the Future Scale.