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. 2025 Jan 21;13(2):258. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13020258

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sankey plot for the PAD with heart failure in All of Us data, depicting the flow of treatments between the patients that experienced amputation and those who did not experience any amputation. Thickness of the pathway indicates the percentage of patients experiencing the treatment. The size of the amputation cohort is visually larger here due to the data normalized at the cohort and node levels; cohort normalization adjusts sequence counts by total cohort size, while node normalization ensures flow values sum to 1 at each node, enabling visual comparison of pathway proportions as stated in the Section 2.3. Pathways colored in deep amber are the amputation pathways and those colored in pine green are non-amputation pathways.