Table 2.
Characteristics of participants included in the meta-synthesis.
| Source | Ethnicity of Participants |
Participant Number & Gender |
Mean Age |
Immigrant status | Years in US | Education level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hesel et al. 2020[33] | Hmong | 10 males, 10 females | 41 | 6 US-born, 8 born in Laos, 2 Thailand, 4 missing | NR* | 4 less than high school, 3 high school diploma/GED, 6 college degree, 7 graduate degree |
| Chang et al. 2020[26] | Chinese | 22 males, 35 females | 71.5 | All born outside the US | NR | Interviews: 3 less than 8th grade, 4 some high school, 2 high school diploma/GED, 2 vocational school or some college, 4 bachelor’s degree and above Focus groups: 11 less than 8th grade, 6 some high school, 9 high school diploma/GED, 8 vocational school or some college, 8 bachelor’s degree and above |
| Bi et al. 2019[31] | Multiple Asian subgroups | 37 males, 3 females, 10 other | NR | NR | NR | 11 some college or 2-year degree, 28 college graduate, 7 more than college, 4 missing |
| Jun et al. 2018[23] | Korean | 0 males, 10 females | 37.6 | All born in Korea | Mean = 5.7, SD = 2.5; Range = 4–14 | All had a minimum of a bachelor’s degree |
| Fu et al. 2017[34] | Multiple Asian subgroups | 0 males, 35 females | 51 | All born outside the US | Mean = 27.4; Range = 3–40 | 1 some elementary school, 2 elementary school, 4 middle school, 12 high school, 1 vocational school, 9 BS or BA, 3 MS, 1 PhD, 2 unknown |
| Lee et al. 2016[32] | Chinese | 0 males, 123 females | 48.7 | NR | Median = 13.6 | 19 elementary or less, 40 high school, 64 college and above |
| Kim et al. 2015[17] | Korean | 0 males, 12 females | 44.8 | 11 born in Korea, 1 born in the US | Mean = 16; Range = 3–32 | 88.5% some college |
| Leung et al. 2014[24] | Chinese | 18 males, 11 females | 63.6 | All born outside the US | Mean = 15; Range = 6–39 | 4 Grade 6 or less, 13 Grade 7–12, 4 no degree, 8 degree |
| Lim et al. 2012[15] | Korean | 0 males, 11 females | 53.8 | NR | NR | 1 less than high school, 3 high school graduate, 7 more than high school |
| Lee et al. 2012[18] | Multiple Asian subgroups | 0 males, 9 females | 54 | NR | Mean = 18.6; Range = 7–35 | 2 high school or less, 7 college graduate or above |
| Killoran et al. 2006[19] | Chinese | 0 males, 69 females | 56 | Focus group: 30 born outside the US Patient interviews: 21 born outside the US Non-patient interviews: 21 born outside the US |
Focus group: Mean = 17.4 Patient interviews: Mean = 17.8 Non-patient interviews: Mean = 12.2 |
Focus group: 14 less than 9 years, 8 were 9–12 years, 10 were 13–16 years, 2 were 17–18 years Patient interviewees: 9 less than 9 years, 5 were 9–12 years, 12 were 13–16 years, 2 were 17–18 years Non-patient interviewees: 4 less than 9 years, 5 were 9–12 years, 11 were 13–16 years, 1 were 17–18 years, 2 missing |
| Ashing-Giwa et al. 2004[20] | Multiple Asian subgroups | 0 males, 51 females | 48 | NR | NR | NR |
| Frank et al. 1998[16] | Korean | 0 males, 1 females | 79 | Born outside the US | Mean = 12 | NR |
| Leng et al. 2012[21] | Chinese | 16 males, 12 females | 57 | All born outside the US | 0.5–1 year (1); 1–2 years (4); 3–5 years (2); 6–9 years (1); 10–15 years (4); 16–20 years (2); more than 20 years (13); 1 missing | 1 (3–5 grades), 9 (6–9 grades), 6 (10–12 grades), 11 (more than 12 grades), 1 missing |
| Simon et al. 2021[27] | Chinese | 0 males, 56 females | NR | All born outside the US | 0–5 years (10); 6–10 years (12); 11–15 years (11); 16–20 years (7); more than 20 years (15) | 15 less than high school, 22 school graduate, 7 college 1–3 years, 9 college graduate or higher |
| Wang et al. 2013[22] | Chinese | 0 males, 44 females | 57.7 | 37 born outside the US, 7 US-born | Mean = 22.22 | US born Chinese: 7 more than high school Immigrant Chinese: 19 less than or high school level, 18 more than high school |
| Chawla 2011[28] | South Asian | 0 males, 25 females | 55 | All born outside the US | Mean = 28 | 1 high school, 6 college graduate, 18 graduate school or higher |
| Kim et al. 2017[29] | Korean | 0 males, 32 females | 48.7 | All born outside the US | Mean = 16.4 | 14 were high school graduates or less, 18 some college |
| Nguyen et al. 2008[25] | Vietnamese | 10 males, 10 females | 64.5 | All born outside the US | Median immigration year = 1992 | US Education: 12 had no education in the US, 3 vocational or trade school, 1 some college, 4 ESL |
| Ashing et al. 2003[30] | Multiple Asian subgroups | 0 males, 34 females | 56 | NR | NR | NR |
*
NR = Not reported