Table 5.
Concentration of tentatively identified volatile compounds in the virgin olive oil sample and the related flavored oils with hemp seeds at different ratios, expressed in mg/kg. Letters of significance refer to ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD (p ≤ 0.05). TEST_3 = olive oil control sample; HTEST_1 = cold-pressed hemp seed oil control sample; IUP_HS_10 = co-milled olive oil produced by milling olives with 10% intact unpeeled hemp seeds; IUP_HS_20 = co-milled olive oil produced by milling olives with 20% intact unpeeled hemp seeds; GUP_HS_10 = co-milled olive oil produced by milling olives with 10% ground unpeeled hemp seeds; GUP_HS_20 = co-milled olive oil produced by milling olives with 20% ground unpeeled hemp seeds. Roman numbers indicate different tentatively identified stereoisomer forms. LRI = Linear Retention Index (Kovats Indexes).
| Compound | TEST_3 mg/kg |
HTEST_1 mg/kg |
IUP_HS_10 mg/kg |
IUP_HS_20 mg/kg |
GUP_HS_10 mg/kg |
GUP_HS_20 mg/kg |
LRI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-Methyl-butanal | 0.12 ± 0.00 c | n.d. | 0.12 ± 0.00 c | 0.11 ± 0.00 c | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 912 |
| 3-Methyl-butanal | 0.09 ± 0.00 c | n.d. | 0.10 ± 0.00 b,c | 0.11 ± 0.00 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 917 |
| 3-Pentanone | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | n.d. | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 989 |
| ∝-Pinene | n.d. | 3.49 ± 0.32 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.62 ± 0.12 b,c | 0.34 ± 0.01 b,c,d | 0.70 ± 0.04 b | 1029 |
| Hexanal | 0.41 ± 0.01 c | 0.03 ± 0.00 d | 0.55 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.75 ± 0.014 a | 0.73 ± 0.02 a | 0.70 ± 0.03 a,b | 1100 |
| β-Pinene I | n.d. | 1.20 ± 0.12 a | 0.18 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.44 ± 0.08 b | 0.12 ± 0.00 c,d | 0.24 ± 0.02 b,c | 1133 |
| 3-Carene | n.d. | 0.24 ± 0.03 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 1162 |
| β-Pinene II | n.d. | 2.21 ± 0.22 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.42 ± 0.07 b,c | 0.23 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.49 ± 0.03 b | 1190 |
| Limonene | n.d. | 0.67 ± 0.07 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 c,d | 0.13 ± 0.02 c | 0.08 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 1209 |
| 3-Methyl-butanol | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | n.d. | 0.31 ± 0.00 a | 0.26 ± 0.04 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 1222 |
| (E)-2-Hexenal | 0.13 ± 0.00 c | n.d. | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.15 ± 0.03 c | 0.42 ± 0.03 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 b | 1240 |
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.25 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.03 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 1264 |
| 1-Hexanol | 0.51 ± 0.01 b | 0.52 ± 0.05 b | 0.59 ± 0.02 b | 0.52 ± 0.09 b | 0.72 ± 0.03 a | 0.55 ± 0.03 b | 1362 |
| (Z)-3-Hexenol | 1.03 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | 0.99 ± 0.24 b,c | 0.54 ± 0.10 d | 1.51 ± 0.07 a | 0.70 ± 0.03 c,d | 1402 |
| Caryophyllene | n.d. | 0.32 ± 0.06 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b,c | 0.07 ± 0.02 b,c | 0.05 ± 0.02 b,c | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 1616 |