Table 4.

Mean 1 year medical and non-medical costs per participant, by group.

	Intervention group (N = 109)		Usual care group (N = 106)		Difference in costs between groups
	Volume	Costs (€)	Volume	Costs (€)	Difference (€)	95% CI	p
Physical therapy (visits)
Intervention, at centre*	87% 39	1361	2% 19	14	1346	1194 to 1499	< 0.001
Intervention, at home*	2% 41	32	0% –	0	32	−14 to 78	0.17
Intervention, combination	2% 41	30	0% –	0	30	−12 to 72	0.16
Total intervention physical therapy* (mean ± sd)	91% 39	1423 ± 762	2% 19	14 ± 127	1409	1264 to 1554	< 0.001
Patient-reported physiotherapy*			66% 24	644	−211	−431 to 9	0.06
Discrepancy in patient-reported and physical therapist-registered physiotherapy*	46% 23	433
Total physical therapy (mean ± sd)	98% 47	1856 ± 815	68% 24	659 ± 851	1198	967 to 1428	< 0.001
General practitioner	5.5	194	6.4	222	−28	−79 to 24	0.29
Specialists
Rheumatologist (visits)	4.3	477	4.2	467	10	−73 to 93	0.81
Orthopaedic surgeon (visits)	0.9	104	1.0	114	−10	−57 to 38	0.69
Internist (visits)	0.7	77	0.4	39	37	0 to 75	0.05
Cardiologist (visits)	0.6	65	0.4	49	16	−20 to 51	0.39
Other (visits)†	3.0	336	2.1	235	101	−47 to 249	0.18
Other healthcare providers
Rheumatology nurse (visits)	1.9	40	1.3	27	13	−6 to 32	0.18
Podiatrist (visits)	0.8	31	0.6	25	6	−11 to 23	0.50
Occupational therapist (visits)	0.9	34	1.0	40	−5	−47 to 34	0.78
Dietitian (visits)	1.0	36	0.6	22	14	−12 to 41	0.29
Social worker (visits)	0.3	27	0.4	32	−5	−41 to 32	0.80
Other (visits)‡	1.3	93	1.4	57	36	−8 to 81	0.41
Day treatment hospitalizations
Hospital (visits)	1.5	448	1.1	343	106	−140 to 351	0.40
Rehabilitation centre (visits)	0.1	84	1.3	817	−733	−1926 to 461	0.23
Psychotherapeutic institution (visits)	1.5	350	2.1	490	−140	−636 to 357	0.58
Inpatient hospitalization
Hospital (days)	2.3	1341	2.0	1168	173	−1107 to 1453	0.79
Rehabilitation centre (days)	1.4	788	2.2	1255	−467	−1728 to 794	0.47
Psychotherapeutic institution (days)	0	0.0	0	0.0	–	–	–
Home care (h/week)	0.7	1575	0.7	1612	−37	−854 to 779	0.93
Medication
bDMARDs	79%	6187	79%	5348	839	−678 to 2356	0.26
tsDMARDs	40%	2252	51%	2693	−441	−2626 to 1744	0.69
csDMARDs	81%	220	65%	170	50	−21 to 121	0.17
NSAIDs	65%	162	59%	146	16	−60 to 92	0.68
Corticosteroids	72%	14	65%	11	4	−1 to 9	0.13
Total medication costs (mean ± sd)	100%	8834 ± 8367	98%	8367 ± 8001	467	−2329 to 3264	0.74
Total medical costs (mean ± sd)		16 791 ± 11 361		16 038 ± 12 454	754	−3012 to 4519	0.70
Non-medical costs
Working hours (h/week)	5.5		5.1
Absenteeism (h/week)	1.3		0.7
Presenteeism (h/week)	1.4		1.9
Productivity cost	–	2447	–	2026	421	−1014 to 1856	0.57
Lost unpaid labour (h/week)	2.8	2446	3.3	2949	−503	−1909 to 904	0.48
Household help (h/week)	0.4	394	0.7	590	−196	−528 to 137	0.25
Informal care (h/week)	4.7	4157	5.1	4521	−364	−1786 to 1058	0.62
Travel costs physiotherapy		101		37	65	52 to 78	< 0.001
Travel costs other healthcare		104		101	2	−22 to 26	0.84
Total non-medical costs (mean ± sd)		9650 ± 9568		10 224 ± 8788	−574	−3098 to 1950	0.66
Total societal costs (mean ± sd)		26 441 ± 16 021		26 261 ± 15 321	180	−4493 to 4852	0.94

* The number of visits reported here is the average among patients with at least one visit.

^†Other healthcare specialists, i.e. surgeon, gynaecologist, pulmonologist, dermatologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, or urologist.

^‡Other healthcare providers, i.e. psychologist, nurse other than rheumatology specialist nurse, medical pedicure, speech therapist, skin therapist, or practice assistant.

bDMARD, biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; CI, confidence interval; csDMARD, conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tsDMARD, targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug.