| CGM | continuous glucose monitoring |
| FGM/isCGM | flash/intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring |
| the GI | glycemic index |
| GL | glycemic load |
| HbA1c | hemoglobin A1c |
| HHS | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |
| iAUC | incremental area under the curve |
| KFCD | Korean Food Composition Database |
| NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RT-CGM | real-time continuous glucose monitoring |
| SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
| WHO | World Health Organization |