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. 2025 Feb 8;14(4):566. doi: 10.3390/foods14040566

Table 1.

Average vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and pH of premium-grade red palm oil (RPO)-loaded nanoliposomes at different ratios of phosphatidylcholine to premium-grade RPO.

EYPC/RPO (w/w) Average Vesicle Size (nm) PDI Zeta Potential (mV) pH
Empty nanoliposome 196.20 ± 2.16 a 0.396 ± 0.003 e −39.57 ± 0.06 a 4.60 ± 0.006 a
1:1 239.3 ± 7.22 d 0.385 ± 0.004 d −38.73 ± 0.65 b 4.65 ± 0.000 b
3:1 231.6 ± 5.65 d 0.378 ± 0.004 c −38.63 ± 0.21 b 4.66 ± 0.000 c
5:1 217.2 ± 3.84 c 0.366 ± 0.002 b −36.60 ± 0.10 c 4.68 ± 0.006 d
7:1 209.0 ± 2.60 c 0.359 ± 0.003 a −35.17 ± 0.50 d 4.67 ± 0.006 c
10:1 199.3 ± 4.18 b 0.354 ± 0.006 a −34.50 ± 0.56 d 4.72 ± 0.000 d

Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three measurements. Letters within the same column are compared for significant differences (p < 0.05).