. 2024 Jan 11;98(1):40–50. doi: 10.1159/000536228

Table 3.

Comparison of enteral and parenteral delivery of Ca, PO4, and vitamin D for VLBW infants (C)

Enteral nutrition	Ca, mg/kg/day	PO4, mg/kg/day	Vitamin D, IU/day
2013 AAP Clinical Report Recommendations [14]	150–220	75–140	200–400
Ca, PO4, and vitamin D content in human milk and commonly used formulas^a
Unfortified human milk (20 kcal/oz)^b	45	22	2.4
Ca:PO4 ratio 2:1	45	22	2.4
Fortified human milk (24 kcal/oz)^b	200	115	325
Ca:PO4 ratio 1.7:1	200	115	325
Preterm formula (24 kcal/oz)	220	120	288–576
Ca:PO4 ratio 1.8:1	220	120	288–576
Transitional formula (22 kcal/oz)	138	75	123
Ca:PO4 ratio 1.8:1	138	75	123

PN (adapted from [45, 46])	Ca^c	PO4^d	Vitamin D
Preterm infants during first few days	32–80 mg/kg/day (0.8–2 mmol/kg/day; 1.6–4 mEq/kg/day)	31–62 mg/kg/day; (1–2 mmol/kg/day)	400 IU/day^e
Ca:PO4 ratio 0.8–1:1	32–80 mg/kg/day (0.8–2 mmol/kg/day; 1.6–4 mEq/kg/day)	31–62 mg/kg/day; (1–2 mmol/kg/day)	400 IU/day^e
Preterm infants after first few days	50–80 mg/kg/day (1.25–2 mmol/kg/day; 2.5–4 mEq/kg/day)	39–93 mg/kg/day (1.25–3 mmol/kg/day but limited to 1.5–2 due to solubility)	400 IU/day^e
Ca:PO4 ratio 1–1.3:1	50–80 mg/kg/day (1.25–2 mmol/kg/day; 2.5–4 mEq/kg/day)		400 IU/day^e

^aValues depict average nutrient intake based on full enteral feeds of 160 mL/kg/day for infant body weight of 1,500 g.

^bHuman milk data based on mature human milk.

^cCalcium conversion – 1 mg = 0.025 mmol = 0.05 mEq.

^dPhosphate conversion – 31 mg = 1 mmol.

^eParenteral multivitamin preparations may only provide 160 IU/kg until infant is 2.5 kg.