Table 2. Univariable analysis of socio-demographic factors of the TB case and control selected for the study in Lahore.
| Factors | Cases/TB patients (n = 25) (%) |
Controls/Healthy farmers (n = 25) (%) |
Total | p-value (> 0.05) | OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 20 (80) | 24 (96) | 44 | 0.115 | – |
| Female | 5 (20) | 1 (4) | 6 | ||
| Age | |||||
| ≤35 | 7 (28) | 13 (52) | 21 | 0.070 | – |
| >35 | 18 (72) | 12 (48) | 29 | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Unmarried | 8 (32) | 2 (8) | 10 | 0.047 * | 5.4 (1.18–39.00) |
| Married | 17 (68) | 23 (92) | 40 | ||
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate | 19 (76) | 12 (48) | 31 | 0.045 * | 3.4 (1.06–12.16) |
| literate | 6 (24) | 13 (52) | 19 | ||
| livestock farming as an inherited occupation | |||||
| Yes | 18 (72) | 19 (76) | 37 | 0.747 | – |
| No | 7 (28) | 6 (24) | 13 | ||
| Years of farming experience if livestock farming is not an inherited occupation | |||||
| ≤5 years | 3 (42.8) | 3 (50) | 6 | 0.797 | – |
| Above 5 years | 4 (57.2) | 3 (50) | 7 | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Rural | 20 (80) | 19 (76) | 39 | 0.158 | – |
| Urban | 3 (12) | 1 (4) | 4 | ||
| Peri-urban | 2 (8) | 5 (20) | 7 | ||
| Monthly income | |||||
| ≤30 thousand PKR/- | 21 (84) | 12 (48) | 33 | 0.010 * | 5.69 (1.61–23.98) |
| >30 thousand PKR/- | 4 (16) | 13 (52) | 17 | ||
| Family type | |||||
| Nuclear | 5 (20) | 4 (16) | 9 | 0.713 | – |
| Joint | 20 (80) | 21 (84) | 41 | ||
| Family size | |||||
| ≤6 | 9 (36) | 10 (40) | 19 | 0.771 | – |
| >6 | 16 (64) | 15 (60) | 31 | ||
| Number of rooms in the house | |||||
| ≤2 | 17 (60) | 14 (56) | 29 | 0.384 | – |
| >2 | 8 (40) | 11 (44) | 21 | ||
| Vaccinated (BCG) against TB in childhood | |||||
| Yes | 10 (40) | 22 (88) | 32 | 0.995 | – |
| No | 2 (8) | 0 | 2 | ||
| Don’t know | 13 (52) | 3 (12) | 16 | ||
| Smoker | |||||
| Yes | 19 (76) | 11 (44) | 30 | 0.024 * | 4.03 (1.25–14.37) |
| No | 6 (24) | 14 (56) | 20 | ||
| Meat consumption per week | |||||
| Once and twice | 23 (92) | 19 (76) | 17 | – | – |
| Thrice or more | 2 (8) | 6 (24) | 8 | ||
| Chronic illness other than TB | |||||
| Yes | 4 (16) | 3 (12) | 7 | – | – |
| No | 19 (76) | 21 (84) | 40 | ||
| Don’t know | 2 (8) | 1 (4) | 3 | ||
| Do any of the family members or persons in contact have/had TB? | |||||
| Yes | 9 (36) | 2 (8) | 10 | 0.027 | 6.47 (1.43–46.31) |
| No | 16 (64) | 23 (92) | 40 | ||
| Diagnosed/suffered from TB before this time? | |||||
| Yes | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 | – | – |
| No | 24 (96) | 25 (100) | 49 | ||
| Animal keeping place | |||||
| Inside home | 10 (40) | 2 (8) | 12 | 0.015 * | 7.67 (1.72–54.64) |
| Outside home | 15 (60) | 23 (92) | 38 | ||
*
p-value < 0.05.