BUN	Blood urea nitrogen
CR	Creatinine
DM	Diabetes mellitus
DN	Diabetic nephropathy
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
GCLC	Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
GSH	Glutathione
GSH-PX	Glutathione peroxidase
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HE	Hematoxylin and eosin
HO-1	Heme oxygenase 1
HSHFD	High-sugar and high-fat diet
IκB	Inhibitor of kappa B
IKKα + IKKβ	IκB kinase alpha + IκB kinase beta
IL-10	Interleukin-10
IL-1β	Interleukin-1beta
IL-6	Interleukin-6
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
mAPS	Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharides
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MET	Metformin
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor protein 3
NQO1	NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
Nrf-2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
Smad4	Smad family member 4
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
STZ	Streptozotocin
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglyceride
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TGFβR	Transforming growth factor beta-receptor
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
UA	Uric acid
ZO-1	Zona occludens 1