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Effect of the water-to-cement ratio on chloride diffusion in SAP-modified concrete hydrogels: (a) Particle size distribution of SAP S measured by laser diffraction. (b) Unsaturated SAPS particles under drying conditions. (c) Variation of water absorption capacity over time under different water-to-cement ratios and chloride ion diffusion coefficients of concrete series. Reproduced with permission from ref. [31] © MDPI AG, CC BY.
