| MHC | myosin heavy chain |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
| NO | nitric oxide |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| CAT | catalase |
| GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
| HMPA | 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid |
| HMCA | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid |
| CGA | chlorogenic acid |
| d-ROMs | diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites |
| BAP | biological antioxidant potential |
| NOS | nitric oxide synthase |
| NQO1 | NAD(P)H dehydrogenase |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor 1 |
| SIRT1 | sirtuin 1 |
| NRF1 | nuclear respiratory factor 1 |
| TFAM | mitochondrial transcription factor a |
| PGC-1α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase α |
| mTOR | mechanistic target of rapamycin |
| NRF2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
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