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. 2025 Feb 11;18(2):239. doi: 10.3390/ph18020239

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a,b) Live/dead staining was performed to assess the viability of MSCs cultured on pectin nanofiber scaffolds with varying oxidation levels over a 14-day period. MSCs were cultured with TGFβ1 medium on (a) OCP25-ADH and (b) OCP50-ADH scaffolds to evaluate cell viability and proliferation, respectively. Images obtained by [82]. Scanning electron microscopy images of the PCL scaffold (c) without cells and (d) with cells. (e) An overview image showing cell coverage and alignment across the entire length of the perfused sample. Images obtained by [83].