Table 1.

List of attributes and levels.

Attributes	Description	Levels
Presbyopia correction	Whether presbyopia (requiring reading glasses for clear near vision) is corrected	Trifocal (Clear vision for near, intermediate, and far distances without glasses) Bifocal (Clear vision for both near and far distances; needing glasses for intermediate) Monofocal (Clear vision for far distances; needing glasses for near and intermediate)
Spherical aberration correction	Whether spherical aberration, causing distortion in peripheral vision, is corrected.	Yes (Aspheric IOLs) No (Spherical IOLs)
Astigmatism correction	Whether astigmatism (resulting in clarity on certain axes and blurriness on others) is corrected	Yes (Toric IOLs) No (Non-toric IOLs)
Blue-blocking functionality	Whether blue light (with potential harm to the retina) is blocked	Yes No
Surgeon’s recommendation	Whether the IOL is surgeon-recommended	With Without
Cost	The expense associated with the IOL, specified in Chinese Yuan (CNY ¥)	2000, 3,000, 8,000, 10,000, 30,000
Probability of adverse visual phenomena	Risk of undesired visual effects (such as halos, glare, and starbursts) impacting post-operative vision quality	0, 10, 20, 30, 40%