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. 2025 Feb 11;12:1450216. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1450216

Table 3.

Multivariate logistic regression evaluates the interaction of only-child status and pet ownership at different ages on the risk of ADHD.

Only child P for interaction
No Yes
Overall
Pet ownership
No 1.00 (reference) 1.32 (1.24–1.40)***
Only during age 0–1 year 1.59 (1.18–2.11)** 2.00 (1.50–2.64)*** 0.827
Only during ages 1–3 years 1.91 (1.48–2.45)*** 1.52 (1.07–2.12)* 0.020
During both age ranges 1.86 (1.52–2.27)*** 1.83 (1.46–2.27)*** 0.055
Boys
Pet ownership
No 1.0 (reference) 1.35 (1.25–1.45)***
Only during age 0–1 year 1.72 (1.16–2.46)** 2.03 (1.40–2.87)*** 0.622
Only during ages 1–3 years 1.81 (1.28–2.51)** 1.76 (1.12–2.65)* 0.239
During both age ranges 1.97 (1.52–2.52)*** 1.89 (1.41–2.50)*** 0.080
Girls
Pet ownership
No 1.00 (reference) 1.28 (1.16–1.41)***
Only during age 0–1 year 1.40 (0.84–2.18) 2.01 (1.23–3.11)** 0.726
Only during ages 1–3 years 2.06 (1.39–2.96)*** 1.21 (0.64–2.08) 0.028
During both age ranges 1.70 (1.20–2.35)** 1.76 (1.22–2.47)** 0.393

Adjusted for child age, maternal age, paternal age, maternal education, paternal education, marital status, household income, and family function score; in the overall model, child sex was additionally adjusted.

ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Bold values are significantly findings.