Table 7.

Herbicide-associated respiratory system disorders

Herbicide	Subjects	Dose Exposure	Main findings	Ref
Not specifically identified	Human study	-	Significantly associated between high prevalence of respiratory symptoms (wheeze and dyspnea) and farmers who applied high dose and mixed herbicide and ignored wearing PPE.	Sidthilaw et al. [128]
	Human study	-	Significantly associated with poor pulmonary functions in agricultural workers, especially in prolonged and smoking workers.	Babaoglu et al. [129]
PQ	Rhesus monkeys	25 to 80 mg/kg	Induced pulmonary fibrosis with collagen deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration.	Shao et al. [130]
	Human study	-	Increased WISP1 gene expression and developed pulmonary fibrosis in PQ-poisoning cases.	Li et al. [131]
	C57BL/6J mice	40 mg/kg	Induced neutrophil infiltration and lung injury through HBGB1-TLR4-IL23-IL17A axis.	Yan et al. [132]
	Sprague-Dawley male rats	10 and 50 mg/kg	Induced pulmonary fibrosis through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.	Yang, Xiao, and Shi [133]
	C57BL/6J mice	40 mg/kg	Induced acute lung injury through miR-199-mediated SET.	Cai et al. [134]
	Case report	10 g	Developed asthma attack after successful recovery.	Fan et al. [135]
ATZ	CD1 male mice	25 mg	Induced pulmonary damage and fibrosis through Nrf2 signaling pathway.	D’Amico et al. [136]
	CD1 male mice	250 mg	Induced pulmonary inflammation through the induction of apoptotic Beclin 1/Lc 3 expression and Nrf2 signaling pathway.	D’Amico et al. [137]
2,4-D	A549 and WI38 cell lines	Maximum at 200 µM	Induced lung cytotoxicity through the disruption of the cellular tubulin-microtubule network.	Ganguli et al. [138]