Table 2.
Stratified baseline characteristics of participants according to the DSI transition patterns from 2011 to 2013
| NoDSI-NoDSI | NoDSI-DSI | DSI-NoDSI | DSI-DSI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2377 | 1668 | 1180 | 2873 | |
| Age | 58.81 (8.68) | 59.58 (8.61) | 61.03 (8.81) | 61.63 (8.76) | < 0.001 |
| Sex = male (%) | 1156 (48.6) | 762 (45.7) | 493 (41.8) | 1281 (44.6) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.12 (3.82) | 23.78 (3.77) | 23.98 (3.85) | 23.73 (3.78) | 0.001 |
| Residence Registration Status = agricultural (%) | 1848 (77.7) | 1380 (82.7) | 991 (84.0) | 2410 (83.9) | < 0.001 |
| Marital Status = married (%) | 2091 (88.0) | 1498 (89.8) | 1027 (87.0) | 2524 (87.9) | 0.106 |
| Smoke = yes (%) | 995 (41.9) | 687 (41.2) | 457 (38.7) | 1171 (40.8) | 0.35 |
| Drink | 0.006 | ||||
| = sometimes (%) | 680 (28.6) | 442 (26.5) | 290 (24.6) | 694 (24.2) | |
| = often (%) | 194 (8.2) | 127 (7.6) | 101 (8.6) | 214 (7.4) | |
| = no (%) | 1503 (63.2) | 1099 (65.9) | 789 (66.9) | 1965 (68.4) | |
| Level of Social Activity Engagement | < 0.001 | ||||
| = active (%) | 844 (35.5) | 499 (29.9) | 362 (30.7) | 854 (29.7) | |
| = moderate (%) | 350 (14.7) | 250 (15.0) | 137 (11.6) | 367 (12.8) | |
| = non-participatory (%) | 1183 (49.8) | 919 (55.1) | 681 (57.7) | 1652 (57.5) | |
| Level of Individual Activity Engagement | < 0.001 | ||||
| = active (%) | 261 (11.0) | 128 (7.7) | 110 (9.3) | 192 (6.7) | |
| = moderate (%) | 425 (17.9) | 270 (16.2) | 155 (13.1) | 393 (13.7) | |
| = non-participatory (%) | 1691 (71.1) | 1270 (76.1) | 915 (77.5) | 2288 (79.6) | |
| Physical Fitness Level = low (%) | 467 (19.6) | 379 (22.7) | 327 (27.7) | 764 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
| Grip strength = low (%) | 365 (15.4) | 313 (18.8) | 248 (21.0) | 678 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
| Auditory Acuity in 2013 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 131 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = very good (%) | 853 (35.9) | 0 (0.0) | 291 (24.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = good (%) | 1135 (47.7) | 0 (0.0) | 598 (50.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = fair (%) | 221 (9.3) | 1416 (84.9) | 167 (14.2) | 2067 (71.9) | |
| = poor (%) | 37 (1.6) | 252 (15.1) | 73 (6.2) | 806 (28.1) | |
| Auditory Acuity in 2011 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 78 (3.3) | 28 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = very good (%) | 728 (30.6) | 350 (21.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = good (%) | 1368 (57.6) | 1059 (63.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| = fair (%) | 169 (7.1) | 183 (11.0) | 1008 (85.4) | 2070 (72.1) | |
| = poor (%) | 34 (1.4) | 48 (2.9) | 172 (14.6) | 803 (27.9) | |
| Distance Visual Acuity in 2013 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 147 (6.2) | 20 (1.2) | 52 (4.4) | 15 (0.5) | |
| = very good (%) | 569 (23.9) | 77 (4.6) | 253 (21.4) | 92 (3.2) | |
| = good (%) | 790 (33.2) | 177 (10.6) | 386 (32.7) | 185 (6.4) | |
| = fair (%) | 599 (25.2) | 992 (59.5) | 297 (25.2) | 1642 (57.2) | |
| = poor (%) | 272 (11.4) | 402 (24.1) | 192 (16.3) | 939 (32.7) | |
| Distance Visual Acuity in 2011 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 76 (3.2) | 29 (1.7) | 7 (0.6) | 4 (0.1) | |
| = very good (%) | 561 (23.6) | 277 (16.6) | 46 (3.9) | 85 (3.0) | |
| = good (%) | 902 (37.9) | 669 (40.1) | 149 (12.6) | 264 (9.2) | |
| = fair (%) | 573 (24.1) | 472 (28.3) | 675 (57.2) | 1535 (53.4) | |
| = poor(%) | 265 (11.1) | 221 (13.2) | 303 (25.7) | 985 (34.3) | |
| Near Visual Acuity in 2013 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 114 (4.8) | 4 (0.2) | 35 (3.0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| = very good (%) | 466 (19.6) | 45 (2.7) | 203 (17.2) | 77 (2.7) | |
| = good (%) | 735 (30.9) | 189 (11.3) | 429 (36.4) | 237 (8.2) | |
| = fair (%) | 694 (29.2) | 972 (58.3) | 314 (26.6) | 1635 (56.9) | |
| = poor (%) | 368 (15.5) | 458 (27.5) | 199 (16.9) | 919 (32.0) | |
| Near Visual Acuity in 2011 | < 0.001 | ||||
| = excellent (%) | 51 (2.1) | 18 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | |
| = very good (%) | 410 (17.2) | 229 (13.7) | 17 (1.4) | 39 (1.4) | |
| = good (%) | 859 (36.1) | 641 (38.4) | 123 (10.4) | 279 (9.7) | |
| = fair (%) | 703 (29.6) | 516 (30.9) | 689 (58.4) | 1598 (55.6) | |
| = poor (%) | 354 (14.9) | 264 (15.8) | 347 (29.4) | 952 (33.1) | |
| Number of diseases reported in 2013 | 1.14 (1.20) | 1.45 (1.36) | 1.47 (1.44) | 1.74 (1.50) | < 0.001 |
| Disease Histories in 2013 | |||||
| Heart Diseases (%) | 238 (10.0) | 229 (13.7) | 176 (14.9) | 507 ( 17.6) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 364 (15.3) | 222 (13.3) | 164 (13.9) | 493 (17.2) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension (%) | 603 (25.4) | 438 (26.3) | 325 (27.5) | 910 (31.7) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke (%) | 70 (2.9) | 58 (3.5) | 33 (2.8) | 151 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes or high blood sugar (%) | 163 (6.9) | 125 (7.5) | 93 (7.9) | 305 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease (%) | 105 (4.4) | 96 (5.8) | 68 (5.8) | 213 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney disease (%) | 152 (6.4) | 144 (8.6) | 97 (8.2) | 322 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung diseases (%) | 201 (8.5) | 188 (11.3) | 151 (12.8) | 387 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Memory-related disease (%) | 26 (1.1) | 35 (2.1) | 30 (2.5) | 100 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma (%) | 74 (3.1) | 77 (4.6) | 65 (5.5) | 149 (5.2) | 0.001 |
| Emotional, nervous or psychiatric problems (%) | 38 (1.6) | 44 (2.6) | 27 (2.3) | 99 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Multimorbidity (%) | 719 (30.2) | 670 (40.2) | 481 (40.8) | 1420 (49.4) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables were tested to be normally distributed and presented as mean (standard deviation); categorical variables were presented as numerical values (percentages). ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to test the intergroup differences for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
Abbreviations: DSI Dual Sensory Impairment, NoDSI No Dual Sensory Impairment, BMI body mass index