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. 2025 Feb 25;23:118. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-03857-x

Table 4.

Association of VI in 2013 with 10 chronic diseases and multimorbidity new-onset risk and association of VI transition patterns from 2011 to 2013 with 10 chronic diseases and multimorbidity new-onset risk in the CHARLS cohort

VI in 2013 VI Change Pattern
NoVI-VI vs NoVI-VI VI-NoVI vs NoVI-NoVI VI-VI vs NoVI-NoVI
aHR(95%CI) P aHR(95%CI) P aHR(95%CI) P aHR(95%CI) P
Heart diseases 1.25(1.01–1.55) 0.042 0.84(0.57–1.24) 0.388 0.90(0.60–1.33) 0.584 1.24(0.91–1.70) 0.172
Hypertensiona 1.15(0.98–1.35) 0.094 1.25 (0.94–1.65) 0.125 1.11(0.83–1.50) 0.484 1.22(0.95–1.55) 0.116
Stroke 1.14(0.85–1.52 0.388 0.81(0.46–1.42) 0.459 1.05(0.61–1.80) 0.873 1.24 (0.79–1.95) 0.342
DM/Hglub 1.23(0.97–1.56) 0.086 1.08(0.69–1.70) 0.743 1.42(0.91–2.23) 0.126 1.63(1.11–2.38) 0.012
Liver disease 1.07 (0.77–1.51) 0.677 1.11 (0.58–2.13) 0.753 1.51(0.79–2.87) 0.210 1.45 (0.84–2.52) 0.185
Kidney disease 1.45 (1.05–2.00) 0.024 2.33(1.23–4.39) 0.009 1.86(0.96–3.62) 0.068 2.16(1.20–3.87) 0.010
Chronic lung disease 1.32(1.01–1.71) 0.040 1.22 (0.76–1.98) 0.411 1.21(0.74–1.98) 0.458 1.53 (1.02–2.31) 0.042
Memory-related disease 1.42(0.95–2.13) 0.085 1.55 (0.69–3.49) 0.288 1.54 (0.68–3.51) 0.300 1.97(0.97–4.03) 0.062
Asthma 1.91 (1.12–3.28) 0.018 2.05(0.82–5.08) 0.123 1.04 (0.37–2.94) 0.936 1.94(0.85–4.45) 0.116
ENP 1.34 (0.77–2.31) 0.299 0.96 (0.32–2.85) 0.934 1.27(0.43–3.72) 0.664 1.68(0.68–4.16) 0.263
Multimorbidity 1.26(1.10–1.45) 0.001 1.33(1.04–1.70) 0.025 1.26(0.97–1.63) 0.081 1.47 (1.19–1.82) < 0.001

All calculated aHRs (95% CI) considered the adjustment for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, residence registration status, marital status, smoke, drink, level of social and individual activity engagement, physical fitness, grip strength, and medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, DM/Hglu

Abbreviations: VI Vision Impairment, DM/Hglu Diabetes or high blood sugar, ENP Emotional, nervous or psychiatric problems

a In the adjusted analysis of confounding factors, a history of hypertension was exclude

b In the adjusted analysis of confounding factors, a history of DM/Hglu was exclude