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Assessment of the methodological quality of the studies.
| Study | Score | Methodological quality |
|---|---|---|
| Edmunds et al. (2008) | 17 | Fair |
| Ng et al. (2013) | 16 | Fair |
| Ng et al. (2013) | 12 | Poor |
| Jones et al. (2017) | 12 | Poor |
| Rodrigues et al. (2019) | 16 | Fair |
| Rodrigues et al. (2021) | 16 | Fair |
| Cho et al. (2023) | 11 | Poor |
The score ranges of the scale were given corresponding quality levels: excellent (26–28); good (20–25); fair (15–19); and poor (≤14).
