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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Child Fam Stud. 2024 Apr 5;33(5):1483–1492. doi: 10.1007/s10826-024-02833-y

Table 2.

Characteristics of Participants in the Mothering from Inside Out (MIO) Intervention

Parents
Category Total
(n = 11)
n (%) or
range
(mean)
Completed
MIO
(n = 6) n (%) or
range (mean)
MIO
incomplete
(n = 5) n (%)
or range
(mean)
Age (years) 19–37 (30.5) 19–37 (30.2) 21–37 (31.0)
Race/ethnicity
 Caucasian/White (non-Hispanic) 9 (81.8) 5 (83.3) 4 (80)
 African American/Black (non-Hispanic) 1 (9.1) 1 (16.7) 0 (0)
 Hispanic/Latino 1 (9.1) 0 (0) 1 (20)
 Asian 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Native American 1 (9.1) 1 (16.7) 0 (0)
Highest education level
 9th grade 1 (9.1) 0 (0) 1 (20)
 General 2 (18.2) 1 (16.7) 1 (20)
Educational Development (GED)
 Some college 7 (63.6) 5 (83.3) 2 (40)
 College graduate 1 (9.1) 0 (0) 1 (20)
Marital situation
 Single 4 (36.4) 0 (0) 4 (80)
 Married 2 (18.2) 1 (16.7) 1 (20)
 Live-in partner 5 (45.5) 5 (83.3) 0 (0)
Housing situation
 Rent or own home 8 (72.7) 5 (83.3) 3 (60)
 Friend/family 3 (27.3) 1 (16.7) 2 (40)
Drug of choice for getting high
 Heroin 9 (81.8) 5 (83.3) 4 (80)
 Street fentanyl or carfentanil powder 3 (27.3) 2 (33.3) 1 (20)
 Opiate painkillers 2 (18.2) 2 (33.3) 0 (0)
 Cocaine or crack 5 (45.5) 3 (50) 2 (40)
 Gabapentin 2 (18.2) 1 (16.7) 1 (20)
 Marijuana/cannabis 2 (18.2) 1 (16.7) 1 (20)
 Number of children 1–6 (2.1) 1–6 (2.2) 1–4 (2.0)
 Number of children living in home 1–3 (1.5) 1–2 (1.2) 1–3 (2.0)
 Number of adults living in home 1–4 (2.4) 2–4 (2.7) 1–3 (2.0)
 Age of child enrolled in study (months) 1–28 (14.1) 1–27 (7.7) 14–28 (21.8)
Other Early Intervention services
 Physical therapy 2 (18.2) 1 (16.7) 1 (20)
 Speech 3 (27.3) 1 (16.7) 2 (40)
 Child development 3 (27.3) 2 (33.3) 1 (20)
 Other (play group, follow-up) 3 (27.3) 1 (16.7) 2 (40)
Providers
Category Total
(n = 10)
n (%) or
range
(mean)
Completed
training
(n = 4) n (%) or
range (mean)
Training
incomplete
(n = 6) n (%)
or range
(mean)
Age (years) 28–58 (38.9) 34–58 (41.5) 28–47 (37.2)
Race/ethnicity
 Caucasian/White (non-Hispanic) 9 (90) 4 (100) 5 (83.3)
 African American/Black (non-Hispanic) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Hispanic/Latino 1 (10) 0 (0) 1 (16.7)
 Asian 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Native American 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Female gender 10 (100) 4 (100) 6 (100)
Highest degree category
 Bachelors 2 (20) 0 (0) 2 (33.3)
 Masters 8 (80) 4 (100) 4 (66.7)
 Number of years working in Early Intervention 0.83–14 (6.9) 3.5–14 (9.9) 0.83–13 (5.0)