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. 2025 Feb 14;15:1502253. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1502253

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of various factors for predicting OS in the training cohort.

Variables Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
HR (95% CI) P-value HR (95% CI) P-value
Age 0.076
 ≤ 35 Reference NA
 > 35 1.168 (0.984–1.388) NA
Gender 0.004 0.921
 Male Reference Reference
 Female 0.783 (0.662–0.925) 0.921 (0.774–1.096)
Race 0.008 0.014
 White Reference Reference
 Black 1.005 (0.792–1.275) 0.894 (0.689–1.144)
 Other1 0.711 (0.567–0.893) 0.707 (0.560–0.893)
Marital status < 0.001 0.008
 Married Reference Reference
 Others2 1.354 (1.145–1.601) 1.269 (1.064–1.514)
Side 0.888
 Left Reference NA
 Right 0.981 (0.822–1.169) NA
 Bilateral 0.923 (0.666–1.281) NA
Primary site < 0.001 0.1
 Main bronchus 1.175 (0.758–1.821) 1.383 (0.882–2.168)
 Upper lobe 0.478 (0.261–0.877) 0.630 (0.340–1.168)
 Middle lobe 0.897 (0.573–1.404) 1.181 (0.747–1.865)
 Lower lobe 2.078 (1.061–4.068) 2.517 (1.271–4.984)
 Overlapping lesion 1.216 (0.772–1.916) 1.572 (0.987–2.503)
 Lung NOS Reference Reference
Histological type < 0.001 0.036
 Adenocarcinoma Reference Reference
 Squamous 2.052 (1.509–2.791) 1.502 (1.088–2.072)
 Others3 1.128 (0.985–1.508) 1.125 (0.906–1.396)
T stage
 T0 Reference < 0.001 Reference < 0.001
 T1 4.174 (1.013–17.176) 5.796 (1.395–24.087)
 T2 4.828 (1.192–19.554) 6.151 (1.503–25.174)
 T3 5.583 (1.381–22.571) 6.339 (1.550–25.920)
 T4 6.913 (1.717–27.834) 9.158 (2.225–37.282)
N stage < 0.001 0.001
 N0 Reference Reference
 N1 1.139 (0.929–1.837) 1.405 (0.978–2.017)
 N2 1.557 (1.229–1.971) 1.540 (1.198–1.979)
 N3 (1.171–1.935) 1.677 (1.287–2.186)
M stage 0.157
 M1a Reference NA
 M1b 1.223 (0.992–1.506) NA
 M1NOS 1.170 (0.702–1.949)
Bone metastasis 0.067 NA
 No Reference
 Yes 1.170 (0.989–1.383) NA
Brain metastasis 0.133 NA
 No Reference
 Yes 0.873 (0.733–1.041) NA
Liver metastasis < 0.001 < 0.001
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.519 (1.244–1.854) 1.474 (1.202–1.806)
Lung metastasis 0.405 NA
 No Reference
 Yes 1.077 (0.905–1.281) NA
Chemotherapy <0.001 < 0.001
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 0.617 (0.500–0.761) 0.531 (0.424–0.666)
Radiotherapy <0.001 < 0.001
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.343 (1.134–1.591) 1.445 (1.212–1.724)

Other1: American Indian, AK Native, Asian or Pacific Islander.

Others2: Unmarried or Domestic Partner, Single (never married), Widowed, Divorced, Separated

Others3: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, Mucinous adenocarcinoma, Synovial sarcoma.