Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, stratified by presence of metabolic syndrome (n = 14,875).
| Characteristic | Total | No MetS | MetS | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size | 14,875 | 11,259 | 3616 | – |
| Total PHQ-9 score (mean (SD)) | 2.93 (3.92) | 2.73 (3.71) | 3.58 (4.48) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptom (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,652 (92.91) | 10,483 (93.91) | 3169 (89.64) | |
| Yes | 1223 (7.09) | 776 (6.09) | 447 (10.36) | |
| Antidepressant use among people with depressive symptoms (%) | 0.148 | |||
| No | 816 (60.56) | 541 (62.39) | 275 (57.04) | |
| Yes | 407 (39.44) | 235 (37.61) | 172 (42.96) | |
| Antidepressant use (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,297 (86.68) | 10,235 (88.25) | 3062 (81.56) | |
| Yes | 1578 (13.32) | 1024 (11.75) | 554 (18.44) | |
| Antidepressant type (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 13,297 (86.74) | 10,235 (88.28) | 3062 (81.70) | |
| SSRIs | 817 (6.93) | 545 (6.32) | 272 (8.92) | |
| SNRIs | 206 (1.86) | 139 (1.64) | 67 (2.58) | |
| TCAs | 108 (0.73) | 54 (0.48) | 54 (1.55) | |
| Atypical antidepressants | 223 (1.82) | 148 (1.69) | 75 (2.25) | |
| More than one type | 216 (1.92) | 134 (1.59) | 82 (3.00) | |
| Duration of antidepressant - in days (mean(SD)) | 1915.53 (2212.73) | 1845.44 (2188.78) | 2061.09 (2256.83) | 0.189 |
| Duration of antidepressant (%) | 0.600 | |||
| ≤one year | 520 (31.29) | 348 (31.92) | 172 (29.99) | |
| >one year | 1040 (68.71) | 665 (68.08) | 375 (70.01) | |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 46.23 (17.35) | 44.82 (17.63) | 50.84 (15.54) | <0.001 |
| Sex (%) | 0.721 | |||
| Male | 7377 (49.55) | 5643 (49.44) | 1734 (49.93) | |
| Female | 7498 (50.45) | 5616 (50.56) | 1882 (50.07) | |
| PIR (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Middle income | 7321 (50.13) | 5448 (48.99) | 1873 (53.84) | |
| Low income | 2880 (13.99) | 2115 (13.69) | 765 (14.96) | |
| High income | 3479 (35.88) | 2790 (37.31) | 689 (31.20) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 2476 (8.64) | 1750 (8.12) | 726 (10.34) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1478 (5.47) | 1075 (5.50) | 403 (5.38) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 6381 (67.87) | 4702 (67.05) | 1679 (70.54) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2979 (10.86) | 2451 (11.72) | 528 (8.08) | |
| Other Race - Including Multi-Racial | 1561 (7.15) | 1281 (7.61) | 280 (5.67) | |
| Education (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 1377 (4.93) | 920 (4.44) | 457 (6.50) | |
| 9–11th grade | 2292 (11.53) | 1673 (11.03) | 619 (13.14) | |
| High school graduate/ GED | 3538 (24.23) | 2630 (23.26) | 908 (27.34) | |
| Some college/ AA degree | 4127 (30.45) | 3062 (29.74) | 1065 (32.71) | |
| College graduate or above | 3318 (28.87) | 2763 (31.52) | 555 (20.32) | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 7404 (55.49) | 5429 (54.41) | 1975 (58.93) | |
| Widowed | 1030 (5.25) | 697 (4.61) | 333 (7.30) | |
| Divorced | 1499 (10.15) | 1053 (9.61) | 446 (11.88) | |
| Separated | 468 (2.26) | 352 (2.30) | 116 (2.15) | |
| Never married | 2638 (18.20) | 2221 (20.23) | 417 (11.76) | |
| Living with partner | 1210 (8.64) | 928 (8.84) | 282 (7.99) | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.008 | |||
| Non-smoker | 11,488 (80.19) | 8696 (80.81) | 2792 (78.18) | |
| Smoker | 2831 (19.81) | 2050 (19.19) | 781 (21.82) | |
| Drinking status (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never drinker | 4614 (25.66) | 3255 (23.58) | 1359 (32.33) | |
| Light drinker | 2950 (19.18) | 2145 (18.18) | 805 (22.41) | |
| Moderate drinker | 4890 (38.29) | 3821 (39.69) | 1069 (33.81) | |
| Heavy drinker | 1966 (16.87) | 1623 (18.55) | 343 (11.45) | |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,583 (97.66) | 10,233 (98.35) | 3350 (95.48) | |
| Yes | 429 (2.34) | 239 (1.65) | 190 (4.52) | |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,422 (96.51) | 10,108 (97.20) | 3314 (94.32) | |
| Yes | 563 (3.49) | 345 (2.80) | 218 (5.68) | |
| Angina (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,639 (97.74) | 10,253 (98.35) | 3386 (95.84) | |
| Yes | 356 (2.26) | 202 (1.65) | 154 (4.16) | |
| Heart attack (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,417 (96.54) | 10,111 (97.23) | 3306 (94.37) | |
| Yes | 603 (3.46) | 362 (2.77) | 241 (5.63) | |
| Hypertension (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 10,693 (74.74) | 8655 (79.55) | 2038 (59.03) | |
| Yes | 4141 (25.26) | 2577 (20.45) | 1564 (40.97) | |
| Diabetes (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,061 (91.05) | 10,317 (94.50) | 2744 (79.83) | |
| Yes | 1802 (8.95) | 933 (5.50) | 869 (20.17) | |
| Stroke (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,531 (97.22) | 10,158 (97.65) | 3373 (95.87) | |
| Yes | 495 (2.78) | 317 (2.35) | 178 (4.13) |
Continuous characteristics reported as weighted mean and standard deviation.
Categorical characteristics reported as unweighted frequency and weighted percent.
The first level of categorical variables is the reference level.
SSRIs include: serotonin, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. SNRIs include: desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, venlafaxine, and milnacipran. TCAs include: amitriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine, and clomipramine. Atypical antidepressants include: bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine, maprotiline, and agomelatine. ‘More than one type’ includes participants who take more than one type from the following categories: SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, atypical antidepressants, antidepressants-unspecified, MAOs, and pharmacological combinations. MAOs include isocarboxazid, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors - unspecified. Pharmacological combinations include amitriptyline with chlordiazepoxide, amitriptyline with perphenazine, fluoxetine with olanzapine, and bupropion with naltrexone.
PHQ-9 nine-item patient health questionnaire, PIR ratio of family income to poverty, SD standard deviation.
P-values < 0.05 denote significant differences between no MetS vs. MetS, and are reported as weighted p-values.