Table 1.

Participant characteristics

	KOA group(n = 24)	Healthy group(n = 24)	t (95% CI)	P
Age (y)	67.21 (1.82)	67. 75 (3.63)	0.654 (-1.141 ~ 2.225)	0.527
Height (cm)	159.00 (7.71)	157.21 (7.03)	-0.842 (-6.077 ~ 2.494)	0.404
Weight (kg)	65.44 (5.58)	67.42 (5.20)	1.272 (-1.155 ~ 5.114)	0.210
BMI (kg/m²)	26.05 (3.50)	27.48 (3.71)	1.363 (-0.677 ~ 3.518)	0.179
KL grade	III/IV (6/18)	—	—	—
WOMAC pain	36.44 (2.67)	—	—	—
WOMAC stiffness	15.84 (1.73)	—	—	—
WOMAC physical function	66.08 (9.04)	—	—	—
WOMAC total	117.337 (12.27)	—	—	—
KSS Symptom	33.22 (2.45)	—	—	—
KSS Function	53.59 (8.12)	—	—	—
KSS total	86.81 (10.01)	—	—	—
HSS	50.44 (5.70)	—	—	—

Values are presented as mean (standard deviation)

KOA Knee osteoarthritis, BMI Body mass index, KL Kellgren-Lawrence, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, KSS American Knee Society Score, HSS Hospital for Special Surgery, CI Confidence intervals, P p-value