Table 2.
Estimated avian density and 95% credibility intervals (CI) for avian species in bottomland hardwood and riparian forest at Little River National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma and Caddo Lake and Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuges, Texas that were surveyed from 2008 to 2020.
| Species | Availability | Detection | AR(1) | AR(2) | Density (birds/km2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common and scientific name |  |
 |
95% CI |  |
95% CI |  |
95% CI |  |
95% CI | D | 95% CI |
| Acadian Flycatcher (ACFL), Empidonax virescens | 668 | 0.92 | 0.89–0.95 | 0.27 | 0.25–0.29 | 0.97 | 0.94–0.99 | – | – | 33 | 30–37 |
| American Crow (AMCR), Corvus brachyrhynchos | 474 | 0.87 | 0.81–0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93–0.97 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | 0.08 | 0.01–0.14 | 9 | 7–10 |
| Barred Owl (BADO), Strix varia | 48 | 0.78 | 0.36–0.94 | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | 0.93 | 0.82–0.99 | – | – | 1 | 0–2 |
| Black-and-white Warbler (BAWW), Mniotilta varia | 42 | 0.88 | 0.87–0.92 | 0.25 | 0.18–0.31 | 0.95 | 0.91–0.99 | – | – | 4 | 2–5 |
| Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (BGGN), Polioptila caerulea | 429 | 0.81 | 0.74–0.87 | 0.10 | 0.08–0.12 | 0.59 | 0.35–0.81 | 0.40 | 0.19–0.65 | 77 | 67–88 |
| Brown-headed Cowbird (BHCO), Molothrus ater | 182 | 0.37 | 0.21–0.52 | 0.32 | 0.28–0.38 | 0.94 | 0.90–0.98 | – | – | 10 | 8–12 |
| Brown-headed Nuthatch (BHNU), Sitta pusilla | 26 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.91 | 0.35 | 0.18–0.56 | 0.64 | 0.41–0.89 | – | – | 2 | 1–3 |
| Blue Jay (BLJA), Cyanocitta cristata | 235 | 0.32 | 0.12–0.55 | 0.55 | 0.48–0.63 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.97 | – | – | 31 | 16–49 |
| Carolina Chickadee (CACH), Poecile carolinensis | 314 | 0.54 | 0.40–0.67 | 0.23 | 0.21–0.26 | 0.89 | 0.84–0.94 | – | – | 46 | 32–66 |
| Carolina Wren (CARW), Thryothorus ludovicianus | 738 | 0.84 | 0.79–0.88 | 0.46 | 0.42–0.50 | 0.47 | 0.31–0.66 | 0.44 | 0.25–0.60 | 28 | 25–31 |
| Chipping Sparrow (CHSP), Spizella passerina | 45 | 0.41 | 0.08–0.78 | 0.56 | 0.52–0.56 | 0.94 | 0.88–0.99 | – | – | 2 | 1–3 |
| Common Yellowthroat (COYE), Geothlypis trichas | 63 | 0.73 | 0.12–0.92 | 0.33 | 0.25–0.42 | 0.74 | 0.25–0.99 | 0.23 | 0.01–0.69 | 4 | 2–10 |
| Downy Woodpecker (DOWO), Picoides pubescens | 156 | 0.66 | 0.61–0.76 | 0.33 | 0.28–0.40 | 0.93 | 0.84–0.99 | – | – | 9 | 7–11 |
| Eastern Wood-pewee (EAWP), Contopus virens | 235 | 0.70 | 0.55–0.81 | 0.57 | 0.49–0.66 | 0.98 | 0.93–0.99 | – | – | 10 | 7–13 |
| Great Crested Flycatcher (GCFL), Myiarchus crinitus | 92 | 0.64 | 0.35–0.85 | 0.34 | 0.27–0.43 | 0.13 | 0.02–0.42 | 0.87 | 0.59–0.99 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Hairy Woodpecker (HAWO), Picoides villosus | 31 | 0.69 | 0.61–0.84 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.56 | 0.55 | 0.05–0.99 | – | – | 2 | 1–3 |
| Hooded Warbler (HOWA), Setophaga citrina | 318 | 0.80 | 0.72–0.87 | 0.34 | 0.31–0.38 | 0.30 | 0.13–0.52 | 0.56 | 0.37–0.72 | 20 | 18–24 |
| Indigo Bunting (INBU), Passerina cyanea | 472 | 0.89 | 0.85–0.92 | 0.47 | 0.43–0.52 | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | – | – | 17 | 15–19 |
| Kentucky Warbler (KEWA), Geothlypis formosa | 255 | 0.72 | 0.60–0.82 | 0.39 | 0.34–0.44 | 0.30 | 0.12–0.54 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.61 | 13 | 11–16 |
| Louisiana Waterthrush (LOWA), Parkesia motacilla | 15 | 0.74 | 0.62–0.93 | 0.55 | 0.46–0.56 | 0.94 | 0.79–0.99 | – | – | 1 | 0–2 |
| Mourning Dove (MODO), Zenaida macroura | 130 | 0.78 | 0.65–0.87 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.90–0.99 | – | – | 4 | 3–4 |
| Northern Cardinal (NOCA), Cardinalis cardinalis | 1066 | 0.72 | 0.66–0.77 | 0.38 | 0.36–0.41 | 0.89 | 0.86–0.92 | – | – | 61 | 54–68 |
| Northern Flicker (NOFL), Colaptes auratus | 9 | 0.73 | 0.61–0.92 | 0.50 | 0.24–0.99 | 0.92 | 0.43–0.99 | – | – | 1 | 0–2 |
| Northern Parula (NOPA), Setophaga americana | 201 | 0.87 | 0.79–0.93 | 0.37 | 0.32–0.43 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | – | – | 7 | 6–10 |
| Pileated Woodpecker (PIWO), Dryocopus pileatus | 263 | 0.31 | 0.08–0.57 | 0.95 | 0.92–0.98 | 0.92 | 0.89–0.95 | – | – | 16 | 6–46 |
| Pine Warbler (PIWA), Setophaga pinus | 423 | 0.82 | 0.77–0.87 | 0.36 | 0.33–0.39 | 0.56 | 0.35–0.84 | 0.34 | 0.08–0.55 | 27 | 24–31 |
| Prairie Warbler (PRAW), Setophaga discolor | 25 | 0.87 | 0.67–0.97 | 0.40 | 0.27–0.59 | 0.74 | 0.40–0.99 | 0.27 | 0.01–0.51 | 2 | 0–3 |
| Prothonotary Warbler (PROW), Protonotaria citrea | 232 | 0.77 | 0.64–0.88 | 0.38 | 0.33–0.44 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | – | – | 9 | 7–11 |
| Red-bellied Woodpecker (RBWO), Melanerpes carolinus | 458 | 0.62 | 0.50–0.73 | 0.60 | 0.53–0.67 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.95 | – | – | 19 | 15–24 |
| Red-eyed Vireo (REVI), Vireo olivaceus | 1175 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | 0.29 | 0.27–0.31 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.94 | – | – | 61 | 57–66 |
| Red-headed Woodpecker (RHWO), Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 93 | 0.67 | 0.39–0.84 | 0.55 | 0.43–0.69 | 0.26 | 0.01–0.83 | 0.67 | 0.11–0.96 | 5 | 3–8 |
| Red-shouldered Hawk (RSHA), Buteo lineatus | 67 | 0.69 | 0.32–0.89 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | 0.91 | 0.86–0.97 | – | – | 2 | 1–4 |
| Summer Tanager (SUTA), Piranga rubra | 375 | 0.54 | 0.39–0.68 | 0.35 | 0.31–0.38 | 0.90 | 0.86–0.95 | – | – | 30 | 23–42 |
| Swainson’s Warbler (SWWA), Limnothlypis swainsonii | 36 | 0.63 | 0.46–0.85 | 0.55 | 0.46–0.56 | 0.96 | 0.87–0.99 | – | – | 3 | 0–8 |
| Tufted Titmouse (TUTI), Baeolophus bicolor | 914 | 0.79 | 0.74–0.84 | 0.33 | 0.30–0.35 | 0.62 | 0.12–0.91 | 0.28 | 0.01–0.78 | 49 | 44–54 |
| White-breasted Nuthatch (WBNU), Sitta carolinensis | 112 | 0.54 | 0.46–0.70 | 0.31 | 0.26–0.38 | 0.94 | 0.86–0.99 | – | – | 10 | 7–13 |
| White-eyed Vireo (WEVI), Vireo griseus | 798 | 0.86 | 0.82–0.89 | 0.28 | 0.26–0.30 | 0.88 | 0.85–0.91 | – | – | 47 | 42–52 |
| Wood Thrush (WOTH), Hylocichla mustelina | 14 | 0.19 | 0.03–0.53 | 0.88 | 0.46–0.95 | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 | – | – | 4 | 1–16 |
| Yellow-breasted Chat (YBCH), Icteria virens | 395 | 0.85 | 0.79–0.90 | 0.47 | 0.42–0.52 | 0.95 | 0.93–0.98 | – | – | 17 | 15–19 |
| Yellow-billed Cuckoo (YBCU), Coccyzus americanus | 541 | 0.38 | 0.13–0.56 | 0.59 | 0.03–0.65 | 0.46 | 0.08–0.89 | 0.44 | 0.03–0.85 | 34 | 23–58 |
| Yellow-throated Vireo (YTVI), Vireo flavifrons | 197 | 0.72 | 0.55–0.84 | 0.31 | 0.26–0.35 | 0.92 | 0.86–0.98 | – | – | 11 | 8–15 |
| Yellow-throated Warbler (YTWA), Setophaga dominica | 199 | 0.79 | 0.65–0.88 | 0.49 | 0.41–0.59 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.97 | – | – | 6 | 5–8 |
The numbers of detections (n) during 10-min point counts were used to estimate species-specific probability of availability (
), probability of detection (
), and autoregressive model of order 1 and 2 parameters (
).