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. 2025 Feb 28;26:80. doi: 10.1186/s12931-025-03139-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Patient sample selection. ILD = interstitial lung disease; IPF = idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ¹Defined as at least 1 claim with diagnosis for autoimmune ILD, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or sarcoidosis during the study period. ²Patients with just 1 claim with diagnosis for ILD were excluded from analysis