Table 2.

An overview of pre-clinical DNMTi, their mechanism, clinical status, and their effect on ATLL

DNMTi	Mechanism of action	Clinical trial status	Efficacy level in ATLL	References
Zebularine	Increased tumor sensitivity to treatment and induction of apoptosis	Pre-clinical	Not evaluated	[38, 48, 49]
SGI-1027	Reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and moderate pro-apoptotic effects	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 50, 51]
DC_05 analogues	Inhibition of DNMT1 and induction of cell death	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 52]
Quinazoline derivatives	Inhibition of cell proliferation	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 53]
Propiophenone derivatives	Inhibition of cell proliferation	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 54]
Procainamide conjugates	Selective cytotoxicity toward DNA methyltransferases	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 55]
Indole derivatives	Inhibition of cell proliferation	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 56]
Isoxazoline and oxazoline derivatives	Inhibition of cell proliferation	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 57, 58]
Dichlone	Cytotoxicity	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 59]
RG108 analogues	Greater cytotoxicity than RG108	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 60, 61]
SW155246	Reactivation of the RASSF1A gene	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 62]
Nanaomycin A	Reactivation of tumor suppressor genes	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 63]
Laccaic acid A	Up-regulation of VGF and MAL genes	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[38, 64]
Flavonoid derivatives (Kazinol Q, chloronitroflavanones	Inhibition of cell proliferation and reactivation of the E-cadherin gene	Preclinical	Not evaluated	[65, 38, 66]
Indole-3-carbinol	Inhibition of tumor growth	Investigational	High efficacy (strong evidence)	[67]