Table 4.
Mean baseline neurological concentrations, the within-group changes relative to baseline and net between-group differences for the change after 6 months in the dual-task functional power training (DT-FPT) and control (CON) groups
| DT-FPT | CON | Intervention effects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD or (95% CI) | n | Mean ± SD or (95% CI) | Net Difference (95% CI) | P- values 1 | |
| Aβ (1–40) | ||||||
| Baseline (pg/mL) | 140 | 112.8 ± 50.4 | 128 | 109.2 ± 32.8 | ||
| % ∆ 6 months | 108 | -2.7 (-8.1, 2.6) | 102 | 7.8 (2.3, 13.2)** | -10.5 (-18.1, -2.9) | 0.033 | 0.032 |
| Aβ (1–42) | ||||||
| Baseline (pg/mL) | 140 | 5.68 ± 6.91 | 128 | 4.27 ± 4.92 | ||
| % ∆ 6 months | 108 | 17.8 (0.02, 35.7)* | 102 | 13.6 (-6.9, 34.0) | 4.3 (-22.6, 31.2) | 0.600 | 0.610 |
| Aβ (1–42): Aβ (1–40) ratio | ||||||
| Baseline | 140 | 0.06 ± 0.11 | 128 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | ||
| ∆ 6 months | 108 | 0.04 (-0.004, 0.07) | 102 | 0.02 (-0.02, 0.06) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.07) | 0.413 | 0.417 |
| BDNF | ||||||
| Baseline (ng/mL) | 140 | 32.6 ± 9.20 | 128 | 28.9 ± 9.80 | ||
| % ∆ 6 months | 108 | -0.08 (-5.5, 5.4) | 103 | 12.4 (0.04, 24.8) | -12.5 (-25.7, 0.74) | 0.774 | 0.531 |
| IGF-1 | ||||||
| Baseline (nmol/L) | 137 | 16.9 ± 5.13 | 127 | 16.5 ± 5.08 | ||
| % ∆ 6 months | 106 | 1.9 (-1.9, 5.7) | 100 | -0.2 (-3.2, 2.8) | 2.1 (-2.8, 6.9) | 0.434 | 0.614 |
| VEGF | ||||||
| Baseline (pg/mL) | 140 | 341.3 ± 258.4 | 128 | 415.6 ± 401.5 | ||
| % ∆ 6 months | 108 | -6.1 (-15.3, 3.1) | 103 | -9.8 (-21.4, 1.8) | 3.6 (-11.0, 18.3) | 0.816 | 0.517 |
Baseline values are means ± SD; within and between-group (net) differences are means with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and calculated by subtracting within-group changes from baseline for the CON group from within-group changes for the DT-FPT group after 6 months. Missing data points at baseline due to insufficient sample for IGF-1 (n = 4). Missing data points at 6-month testing were due to insufficient sample (DT-FPT, n = 2; CON, n = 4). Percentages are calculated as log-transformed within-group and between-group changes × 100, except for BDNF and IGF-1 which were not transformed. BDNF and IGF-1 are presented as percentage change for consistency, however all analyses were conducted on raw concentrations. 1 P-values were derived from linear mixed models and represent Model 1 (unadjusted) and Model 2 (adjusted for age, sex, BMI, cardiometabolic disease risk, baseline levels). Aβ: amyloid beta; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. * P = 0.05, ** P < 0.01