Table 1. Minimal Inhibition Concentration of Yellow and Red Monascus Pigments and Their Derivatives against Various Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria and Fungi.

		amino acid derivatives of redMonascuspigment
MIC [μg/mL]	redMonascuspigment	l-Asp	d-Asp	l-Cys	l-Glu	l-Phe	d-Phe	l-Tyr	d-Tyr
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacillus subtilis KCCM 1131644	>128	8	8	32		8	8	4	4
Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 1181444	64	8	16	16		8	8	8	8
Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 1181744	64	16	16	16		16	16	8	16
Gram-negative bacteria
Enterobacter aerogenes KCCM 1217744	>128	16	16	8		16	16	4	16
Enterococcus faecalis KCCM 1181444	64	64	32	4		4	8	8	4
Escherichia coli(8)		128			64	16		8
Escherichia coli KCCM 1123444	>128	16	16	64		8	8	16	16
Haemophilus influenza KCCM 1190344	64	32	32	8		16	16	32	16
Proteus vulgaris KCCM 1190644	>128	16	16	16		8	8	8	16
Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCCM 1132844	>128	8	8	16		8	16	8	16
Salmonella choleraesuis KCCM 1180644	64	8	8	16		8	4	8	4
Salmonella typhimurium KCCM 1180644	64	8	16	8		4	8	16	4
Shigella sonnei KCCM 4025344	>128	8	32	16		16	16	32	8
fungi
Aspergillus niger KCCM 1123944	64	4	4	8		8	8	4	4
Candida albicans KCCM 1023144	32	4	8	16		8	8	8	16
Penicillium citrinum KCCM 1166344	32	8	8	32		8	8	8	4
Penicillium digitatum KCCM 6014044	32	32	32	32		16	16	32	32