Table 3.
Neuronal effects of various kairomones tested with different species and strains of rodents.
| Test animals | Compound/kairomone sources used | Behaviors tested | Neuronal evidence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Albino Wistar rats | Trimethylthiazoline | Grooming and escape behaviors | C-Fos in the accessory olfactory bulb and its projection areas, the main olfactory bulb and central and cortical amygdala; | Staples et al. (2008a) |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Fear-related behaviors | The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) | Fendt et al. (2005) | |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 2,4,5 dihydro 2,5 trimethylthiazoline | Freezing behavior | Olfactory system and trigeminal nerve system | Ayers et al. (2013) |
| Naïve wild-type male mice (C57BL/6) | 2,5-dihydro- 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole with other compounds | Avoidance, defensive behaviors, and risk assessment episodes. | C-Fos expression in AOB, and Ca2+-expression in anterior and posterior AOB; necklace system; C-Fos positive cells in the immediate vicinity of PDE2A+ (phosphodiesterase 2A) glomeruli; c-Fos+ cells in the medial amygdala. | Perez-Gomez et al. (2015) |
| Adult C57BL/6 mice offspring | 2,3,5-Trimethyl-3-thiazolin | Foraging activity, stress-related behavior, locomotor activity, frequency of visits, risk assessment and escape behavior | Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. | St-Cyr et al. (2018) |
| Inbred C57BL/6J mice. | Feld4 | Avoidance behavior, risk assessment behavior | Vomeronasal sensory neurons; c-Fos response in the anterior AOB, posterior AOB | Papes et al. (2010) |
| Male Wistar rats | Cat collar | Stimulus contact, grooming and rearing | Fos expression in medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, prelimbic cortex, lateral septum, lateral and medial preoptic areas, and dorsal premammillary nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and cuneiform nucleus. | McGregor et al. (2004) |
| OMP-GFP mice | Urine of mountain lion and raccoon; Urine and anal gland secretions from the skunk | Walking distance index and immobility index | GG neurons | Lopes et al. (2022) |
| Naive male Sprague-Dawley rats | Fox urine | Fear behaviors (locomotor activity and avoidance behavior) | Amygdalar olfactory cortex | Wernecke et al. (2015) |