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. 2025 Mar 4;15:7629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88588-y

Table 1.

Preoperative patient demographics.

Characteristic Mean ± SD Range ICL V4c Group FS-LASIK Group P
Age(years) 45.50 ± 3.82 (40,54) 43.75 ± 2.31 47.25 ± 4.21 0.033
Gender(male/female) 10/14 5/7 5/7 1.000
Axial length(mm) 27.13 ± 2.12 (23.98, 32.11) 28.47 ± 2.10 26.45 ± 1.63 0.001
Refraction sphere(D) − 9.40 ± 3.90 (− 19.00, − 2.25) − 11.05 ± 3.42 − 7.74 ± 3.69 0.002
Refraction cylinder (D) − 1.13 ± 0.93 (− 3.25, 0) − 1.49 ± 1.07 − 0.77 ± 0.58 0.006
SE (D) − 9.96 ± 4.00 (− 19.00, − 2.25) − 11.80 ± 3.36 − 8.13 ± 3.78 0.001
CDVA (LogMAR) − 0.03 ± 0.07 (− 0.18, 0.22) 0.05 ± 0.08 − 0.01 ± 0.08 0.010
Dominant eye (OD/OS) 14/10 NA 6/6 8/4 NA
ADD (D) 1.02 ± 0.66 (0.50, 2.50) 0.71 ± 0.33 1.33 ± 0.77 0.017
K-flat(D) 43.57 ± 1.37 (40.80, 46.60) 43.34 ± 1.54 43.80 ± 1.15 0.254
K-steep(D) 44.68 ± 1.42 (42.30, 47.20) 44.96 ± 1.64 44.40 ± 1.14 0.174
WTW (mm) 11.86 ± 0.33 (11.00, 12.40) 11.79 ± 0.35 11.94 ± 0.28 0.134

SE, spherical equivalent; CDVA, corrected-distant visual acuity; ADD, presbyopic add power; WTW, white to white.

Values with statistical significance between ICL V4c group and FS-LASIK group are shown in bold.