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. 2025 Mar 4;15:7629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88588-y

Table 2.

The clinical parameters of the dominant eyes or non-dominant eyes before and after the Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) V4c implantation or Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).

Characteristic D- or nD-eye Preoperative 1-mon follow-up 54-mon follow-up
ICL V4c Group FS-LASIK Group P ICL V4c Group FS-LASIK Group P ICL V4c Group FS-LASIK Group P
UDVA (Logmar) D-eye NA NA NA − 0.05 ± 0.07 − 0.01 ± 0.06* 0.417 0.13 ± 0.12▲ 0.15 ± 0.26 0.865
nD-eye 0.05 ± 0.11 0.26 ± 0.21*  < 0.001 0.25 ± 0.21▲ 0.67 ± 0.48▲  < 0.001
Refraction sphere(D) D-eye − 10.60 ± 3.18 − 6.94 ± 3.04 0.016 0.17 ± 0.34△ 0 ± 0.28△* 0.470 − 0.33 ± 0.39△ − 0.46 ± 0.66△* 0.678
nD-eye − 11.50 ± 4.80 − 8.54 ± 4.22 0.049 − 0.17 ± 0.37△ − 1.5 ± 0.96△*  < 0.001 − 0.77 ± 0.67△▲ − 1.98 ± 1.05△▲*  < 0.001
Refraction cylinder(D) D-eye − 1.63 ± 1.06 − 0.81 ± 0.51 0.028 − 0.48 ± 0.38△ − 0.13 ± 0.17△ 0.009 − 0.48 ± 0.34△▲ − 0.46 ± 0.33△▲ 0.895
nD-eye − 1.35 ± 1.12 − 0.73 ± 0.66 0.088 − 0.65 ± 0.48△ − 0.23 ± 0.17△ 0.003 − 0.50 ± 0.45△▲ − 0.40 ± 0.39△ 0.509
SE (D) D-eye − 11.42 ± 3.12 − 7.34 ± 3.06 0.008 − 0.07 ± 0.28△ − 0.06 ± 0.27* 0.963 − 0.57 ± 0.34△ − 0.69 ± 0.67△▲* 0.702
nD-eye − 12.18 ± 3.68 − 8.91 ± 4.38 0.031 − 0.49 ± 0.36△ − 1.61 ± 0.96*  < 0.001 − 1.02 ± 0.70△▲ − 2.18 ± 1.03△▲*  < 0.001
CDVA(Logmar) D-eye 0.05 ± 0.07 − 0.03 ± 0.06 0.018 − 0.06 ± 0.07△ − 0.02 ± 0.06 0.018 − 0.07 ± 0.10△▲ − 0.02 ± 0.13 0.389
nD-eye 0.05 ± 0.09 − 0.01 ± 0.10 0.184 − 0.03 ± 0.07△ − 0.01 ± 0.09 0.378 − 0.01 ± 0.15▲ 0.04 ± 0.14 0.335
ADD (D) 0.71 ± 0.35 1.33 ± 0.17 0.017 NA NA NA 1.38 ± 0.22△ 1.81 ± 0.71△ 0.174
Safety indices D-eye NA NA NA 1.30 ± 0.19 0.99 ± 0.05  < 0.001 1.35 ± 0.30 1.00 ± 0.21 0.001
nD-eye 1.24 ± 0.24 1.04 ± 0.09 0.004 1.21 ± 0.27 0.96 ± 0.20 0.015
Efficacy indices D-eye NA NA NA 1.29 ± 0.21* 0.96 ± 0.11* 0.003 0.86 ± 0.24 0.73 ± 0.33* 0.286
nD-eye 1.07 ± 0.34* 0.62 ± 0.30*  < 0.001 0.72 ± 0.37 0.30 ± 0.21* 0.001

D-eye, dominant eye; nD-eye, nondominant eye; UDVA, uncorrected distance visual acuity; ADD, presbyopic add power; SE, spherical equivalent; CDVA, corrected distance visual acuity. △ versus Preoperative, P < 0.05. ▲ versus the 1-month follow-up, P < 0.05. * dominant eye versus nondominant eye, P < 0.05.

Values with statistical significance are shown in bold.