. 2025 Mar 5;44:8. doi: 10.1186/s40101-025-00388-5

Table 3.

Whole-body, upper limb, and lower limb PhA, IR, and RR in each age group

		15–19 yrs. (a)	20–29 yrs. (b)		30–49 yrs. (c)		50–64 yrs. (d)		65–74 yrs. (e)		75–84 yrs. (f)		85- yrs		ANOVA
Male
PhA (deg.)	Whole Body	6.22 ± 0.61	6.56 ± 0.58	^a	6.44 ± 0.54	^a	5.98 ± 0.57	^,b,c	5.67 ± 0.38	^a,b,c	5.08 ± 0.49	^a,b,c,d,e	4.84 ± 0.49	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 77.46, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	6.28 ± 0.61	6.63 ± 0.61	^a	6.67 ± 0.61	^a	6.44 ± 0.61		6.26 ± 0.52	^b,c	5.71 ± 0.59	^a,b,c,d,e	5.61 ± 0.43	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 25.53, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	6.23 ± 0.76	6.60 ± 0.69	^a	6.26 ± 0.67	^b	5.44 ± 0.63	^a,b,c	5.03 ± 0.41	^a,b,c,d	4.35 ± 0.60	^a,b,c,d,e	3.70 ± 0.62	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 143.32, P < 0.01
IR (Ω/Ω)	Whole Body	0.784 ± 0.021	0.773 ± 0.019	^a	0.775 ± 0.017	^a	0.793 ± 0.019	^a,b,c	0.802 ± 0.013	^a,b,c	0.823 ± 0.016	^a,b,c,d,e	0.833 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 81.34, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	0.787 ± 0.018	0.777 ± 0.021	^a	0.777 ± 0.019	^a	0.786 ± 0.019		0.792 ± 0.017	^b,c	0.810 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	0.819 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 33.02, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	0.782 ± 0.026	0.769 ± 0.023	^a	0.778 ± 0.023	^b	0.806 ± 0.022	^a,b,c	0.821 ± 0.015	^a,b,c,d	0.845 ± 0.021	^a,b,c,d,e	0.867 ± 0.022	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 134.80, P < 0.01
RR (Ω/Ω)	Whole Body	0.780 ± 0.021	0.769 ± 0.020	^a	0.772 ± 0.018	^a	0.790 ± 0.019	^a,b,c	0.799 ± 0.013	^a,b,c	0.820 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	0.830 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 85.53, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	0.781 ± 0.019	0.771 ± 0.021	^a	0.771 ± 0.019	^a	0.780 ± 0.019		0.786 ± 0.017	^b,c	0.804 ± 0.018	^a,b,c,d,e	0.812 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 32.52, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	0.780 ± 0.026	0.767 ± 0.023	^a	0.776 ± 0.023	^b	0.804 ± 0.023	^a,b,c	0.819 ± 0.015	^a,b,c,d	0.843 ± 0.021	^a,b,c,d,e	0.866 ± 0.022	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 139.63, P < 0.01
Female
PhA (deg.)	Whole Body	5.12 ± 0.53	5.37 ± 0.49	^a	5.19 ± 0.56		5.13 ± 0.45	^b	5.01 ± 0.47	^b,c	4.75 ± 0.47	^a,b,c,d,e	4.40 ± 0.53	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 21.47, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	5.13 ± 0.58	5.52 ± 0.50	^a	5.52 ± 0.57	^a	5.53 ± 0.50	^a	5.47 ± 0.51	^a	5.27 ± 0.50	^c,d,e	5.15 ± 0.51	^b,c,d,e	F = 11.34, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	5.34 ± 0.65	5.50 ± 0.69		4.96 ± 0.72	^a,b	4.80 ± 0.60	^a,b	4.56 ± 0.59	^a,b,c,d	4.12 ± 0.56	^a,b,c,d,e	3.31 ± 0.63	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 83.50 P < 0.01
IR (Ω/Ω)	Whole Body	0.820 ± 0.017	0.814 ± 0.017		0.820 ± 0.018		0.823 ± 0.015	^b	0.827 ± 0.016	^a,b,c,d	0.837 ± 0.016	^a,b,c,d,e	0.850 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 29.63, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	0.820 ± 0.016	0.814 ± 0.018		0.815 ± 0.016		0.817 ± 0.015		0.819 ± 0.016		0.826 ± 0.018	^b,c,d,e	0.835 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 9.72, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	0.813 ± 0.022	0.808 ± 0.024		0.825 ± 0.025	^a,b	0.830 ± 0.020	^a,b	0.838 ± 0.021	^a,b,c,d	0.853 ± 0.020	^a,b,c,d,e	0.882 ± 0.023	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 77.52 P < 0.01
RR (Ω/Ω)	Whole Body	0.817 ± 0.018	0.810 ± 0.017	^a	0.816 ± 0.019		0.819 ± 0.015	^b	0.824 ± 0.016	^a,b,c,d	0.833 ± 0.016	^a,b,c,d,e	0.847 ± 0.017	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 29.00, P < 0.01
	Upper limb	0.815 ± 0.017	0.808 ± 0.018		0.810 ± 0.017		0.811 ± 0.016		0.814 ± 0.017		0.820 ± 0.018	^b,c,d,e	0.828 ± 0.018	^a,b,c,d,e	F = 8.74, P < 0.01
	Lower limb	0.811 ± 0.022	0.806 ± 0.025		0.823 ± 0.025	^a,b	0.828 ± 0.021	^a,b	0.836 ± 0.021	^a,b,c,d	0.852 ± 0.020	^a,b,c,d,e	0.880 ± 0.023	^a,b,c,d,e,f	F = 77.39 P < 0.01

Values are expressed as mean ± SD (95% CI). Alphabets indicate significant differences by multiple comparisons

(P < 0.05; a vs. 15–19 yrs, b vs. 20–29 yrs, c vs. 30–49 yrs, d vs. 50–64 yrs, e vs. 65–74 yrs, and e vs. 75–84 yrs)

PhA Phase angle, IR impedance ratio, RR Resistance ratio