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. 2025 Mar 4;20:236. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05620-7

Table 2.

Inter-rater reliability of the Cobb angle measurements and end vertebra: Gold standard vs AI

Parameter MAD SD ICC(95%CI)
Coronal
Proximal thoracic CA 1.87° 1.43° 0.972(0.953–0.983)
Main thoracic CA 2.23° 1.80° 0.987(0.978–0.992)
Thoracolumbar/lumbar CA 2.33° 1.76° 0.979(0.965–0.985)
Total CA 2.15° 1.69° 0.985(0.979–0.989)
UEV 0.57 0.99 0.967(0.949–0.978)
LEV 0.53 0.71 0.982(0.973–0.989)
Sagittal
Proximal thoracic kyphosis 2.86 2.00 0.828(0.769–0.873)
Mid-thoracic kyphosis 3.20 2.05 0.931(0.905–0.949)
Thoracolumbar sagittal alignment 2.11 1.75 0.875(0.931–0.908)
Total CA 2.72 1.99 0.927(0.912–0.939)

MAD: mean absolute difference; SD: standard difference; ICC:intra-class correlation coefficient; CA: Cobb angle