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. 2025 Mar 5;25:149. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05797-w

Table 2.

Variable descriptive analysis results

Variable Percentage/average value (standard deviation) Variable Percentage/average value (standard deviation)
Full sample Urban Rural Full sample Urban Rural
N = 3500 N = 1682 N = 1818 N = 3500 N = 1682 N = 1818
Age

71.78

(11.99)

72.28

(11.92)

71.33

(12.05)

Income (logarithm)

10.31

(1.27)

10.99

(0.77)

9.68

(1.32)

Gender Registered permanent residence
Male 44.17 47.44 41.14 Urban 48.40 --- ---
Female 55.83 52.56 58.86 Rural 51.60 --- ---
Education Health care accessibility
Elementary school and below 46.31 24.79 66.23 Accessible 97.00 98.51 95.60
Junior or senior high school 43.14 57.07 30.25 Inaccessible 3.00 1.49 4.40
Junior college and above 10.54 18.13 3.52

Living patterns

(P < 0.001)

Marriage Living with families 78.57 78.83 78.33
Married 42.11 45.72 38.78 Living alone 15.91 11.47 20.02
Single 57.89 54.28 61.22 Nursing institution 5.51 9.69 1.65
Community care services

2.00

(2.36)

2.50

(2.69)

1.53

(1.89)

Social participation

(P < 0.001)

21.40

(7.89)

22.86

(8.37)

20.06

(7.17)

Self-rated health

0.443

(0.282)

0.435

(0.288)

0.450

(0.275)

Emotional characteristics

0.333

(0.289)

0.307

(0.292)

0.357

(0.284)

Risk of fall

0.220

(0.414)

0.245

(0.430)

0.196

(0.397)

Depression

0.348

(0.165)

0.345

(0.179)

0.351

(0.151)

General pain or discomfort

0.183

(0.387)

0.178

(0.383)

0.188

(0.391)

Anxiety

0.195

(0.303)

0.186

(0.301)

0.203

(0.305)

Chronic diseases

0.250

(0.433)

0.287

(0.452)

0.216

(0.412)

Source: Authors’ compilation