. 2025 Mar 5;25:149. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05797-w

Table 6.

Results of multiple linear regression analysis (urban‒rural differences)

Variable (control group)	Comprehensive health vulnerability	Physical health vulnerability	Mental health vulnerability
Living patterns (nursing institution)
Living with families	-0.038^* (0.114)	-0.134 (0.079)	-0.069^* (0.080)	-0.051 (0.058)	-0.031^* (0.056)	-0.083^* (0.037)
Living alone	0.423^*** (0.117)	0.343 (0.238)	0.170^* (0.083)	0.182 (0.175)	0.252^*** (0.057)	0.161^* (0.111)
Social participation	-0.061^*** (0.005)	-0.053^*** (0.004)	-0.029^*** (0.003)	-0.027^*** (0.003)	-0.032^*** (0.002)	-0.025^*** (0.002)
Age	0.001 (0.003)	-0.004 (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	-0.001 (0.002)	-0.002 (0.001)	-0.003 (0.001)
Gender(female)	-0.093 (0.071)	-0.146^* (0.060)	-0.038 (0.050)	-0.050 (0.044)	-0.055 (0.035)	-0.096^** (0.028)
Education (elementary school or below)
Junior school or high school	0.071 (0.082)	-0.023 (0.066)	-0.024 (0.058)	-0.007 (0.048)	0.094^* (0.040)	-0.016 (0.031)
Junior college or above	0.096 (0.107)	0.692^*** (0.159)	0.033 (0.075)	0.429^*** (0.117)	0.063 (0.052)	0.264^*** (0.075)
Marriage (single)	0.082 (0.081)	-0.061 (0.070)	0.088 (0.057)	-0.019 (0.051)	-0.005 (0.040)	-0.041 (0.033)
Income	-0.011 (0.045)	-0.012 (0.023)	0.018 (0.032)	-0.019 (0.017)	-0.028 (0.022)	0.006 (0.011)
Health care accessibility (inaccessible)	-0.546^* (0.277)	-0.687^*** (0.141)	-0.319 (0.195)	-0.340^** (0.103)	-0.227 (0.135)	-0.347^*** (0.066)
Community care service	0.012 (0.013)	0.013 (0.015)	0.004 (0.009)	0.016 (0.011)	0.009 (0.006)	-0.003 (0.007)
Constant items	3.991^*** (0.583)	4.301^*** (0.312)	1.630^*** (0.409)	2.183^*** (0.229)	2.361^*** (0.284)	2.117^*** (0.146)
R-squared	0.137	0.129	0.065	0.068	0.171	0.142

Variable (control group)

Comprehensive health vulnerability

Physical health vulnerability

Mental health vulnerability

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

Living patterns (nursing institution)

Living with families

-0.038^*

(0.114)

-0.134

(0.079)

-0.069^*

(0.080)

-0.051

(0.058)

-0.031^*

(0.056)

-0.083^*

(0.037)

Living alone

0.423^***

(0.117)

0.343

(0.238)

0.170^*

(0.083)

0.182

(0.175)

0.252^***

(0.057)

0.161^*

(0.111)

Social participation

-0.061^***

(0.005)

-0.053^***

(0.004)

-0.029^***

(0.003)

-0.027^***

(0.003)

-0.032^***

(0.002)

-0.025^***

(0.002)

Age

0.001

(0.003)

-0.004

(0.002)

0.003

(0.002)

-0.001

(0.002)

-0.002

(0.001)

-0.003

(0.001)

Gender(female)

-0.093

(0.071)

-0.146^*

(0.060)

-0.038

(0.050)

-0.050

(0.044)

-0.055

(0.035)

-0.096^**

(0.028)

Education (elementary school or below)

Junior school or high school

0.071

(0.082)

-0.023

(0.066)

-0.024

(0.058)

-0.007

(0.048)

0.094^*

(0.040)

-0.016

(0.031)

Junior college or above

0.096

(0.107)

0.692^***

(0.159)

0.033

(0.075)

0.429^***

(0.117)

0.063

(0.052)

0.264^***

(0.075)

Marriage (single)

0.082

(0.081)

-0.061

(0.070)

0.088

(0.057)

-0.019

(0.051)

-0.005

(0.040)

-0.041

(0.033)

Income

-0.011

(0.045)

-0.012

(0.023)

0.018

(0.032)

-0.019

(0.017)

-0.028

(0.022)

0.006

(0.011)

Health care accessibility (inaccessible)

-0.546^*

(0.277)

-0.687^***

(0.141)

-0.319

(0.195)

-0.340^**

(0.103)

-0.227

(0.135)

-0.347^***

(0.066)

Community care service

0.012

(0.013)

0.013

(0.015)

0.004

(0.009)

0.016

(0.011)

0.009

(0.006)

-0.003

(0.007)

Constant items

3.991^***

(0.583)

4.301^***

(0.312)

1.630^***

(0.409)

2.183^***

(0.229)

2.361^***

(0.284)

2.117^***

(0.146)

R-squared

0.137

0.129

0.065

0.068

0.171

0.142

^***P < 0.001, ^**0.001 ≤ P < 0.01, ^*0.01 ≤ P < 0.05

Source: Authors’ compilation