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. 2025 Mar 5;25:149. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05797-w

Table 7.

Analysis of interactions between living patterns and social participation (urban‒rural differences)

Variable Comprehensive health vulnerability Physical health vulnerability Mental health vulnerability
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Living with families

-0.514

(0.339)

0.203

(0.227)

-0.285

(0.239)

-0.038

(0.166)

-0.229

(0.164)

0.242

(0.106)

Living alone

1.294***

(0.305)

0.553

(0.767)

0.345

(0.215)

0.671

(0.563)

0.946***

(0.148)

-0.118

(0.359)

Social participation

-0.060***

(0.005)

-0.052***

(0.005)

-0.030***

(0.004)

-0.028***

(0.004)

-0.029***

(0.002)

-0.024***

(0.002)

Living with families × Social participation

0.022

(0.013)

-0.003

(0.011)

0.014

(0.009)

0.004

(0.008)

0.008

(0.006)

-0.008

(0.005)

Living alone × Social participation

-0.048**

(0.015)

-0.012

(0.041)

-0.010

(0.011)

-0.028

(0.030)

-0.038***

(0.007)

0.016

(0.019)

Other variables Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled
Constant items 3.851 4.284 1.606 2.197 2.245 2.087
Sample number 1682 1818 1682 1818 1682 1818
R-squared 0.145 0.129 0.067 0.069 0.185 0.144

***P < 0.001, **0.001 ≤ P < 0.01, *0.01 ≤ P < 0.05; “Living in nursing institutions” was the control group

Source: Authors’ compilation