Table 1.
Features and quality appraisal of included studies.
| Study | Year | Country | Study design | eGFR range | Age | Total | Events | Prevalence (%) | Assessment of eGFR | Assessment of CI | Quality rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurella et al. [19] | 2008 | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥60 and <60 | 64.9 (SD 9.6) | 23,405 | 1967 | 8.4 | MDRD | MMSE | Medium |
| Foster et al. [20] | 2016 | Canada | Cross-sectional | <60 | 68.0 (56.0–78.0) | 385 | 237 | 61 | NR | MoCA | High |
| Paraizo et al. [21] | 2016 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | <60 (<30) | 56.74 (SD 7.63) | 23 | 17 | 73.9 | NR | MoCA | Medium |
| Rodríguez-Angarita et al. [22] | 2016 | Columbia | Cross-sectional | <60 | 76.3 (SD 7.9) | 251 | 128 | 51 | MDRD | Lawton test | High |
| Bai et al. [23] | 2018 | China | Longitudinal study | <60 | 82.8 (81.3–85.1) | 163 | 109 | 66.9 | MDRD | MMSE | High |
| Burns et al. [24] | 2018 | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥60 and <60 (60–30, <30) | 69.2 (SD 9.8) | 574 | 266 | 46.3 | CKD-EPI | Battery | High |
| Thancharoen et al. [25] | 2020 | Thailand | Cross-sectional | <60 | 65.7 (SD 12.2) | 379 | 60 | 15.8 | NR | MMSE | High |
|
Gela et al. [26] |
2021 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | ≥60 and <60 | 54.1 (SD 17) | 163 | 66 | 40.5 | Cockcroft–Gault | MMSE | Medium |
| Nikitina et al. [27] | 2021 | Russia | Cross-sectional | ≥60 and <60 (60–30, <30) | 32.75–64.25 | 98 | 56 | 57.1 | CKD-EPI | SAGE | Medium |
| Paterson et al. [28] | 2021 | UK | Longitudinal cohort | <60 (60–30, <30) | 64 (SD 9) | 928 | 508 | 54.7 | CKD-EPI | MoCA MMSE |
High |
| Tollitt et al. [29] | 2021 | UK | Longitudinal cohort | <60 | 66 (53–74) | 250 | 123 | 49 | NR | MoCA | High |
| An et al. [30] | 2022 | China | Cross-sectional | <60 (60–30, <30) | 53.08 | 120 | 59 | 49 | CKD-EPI | MoCA | Medium |
| Grasing et al. [31] | 2022 | USA | Longitudinal cohort | ≥60 and <60 | 74 (SD 7) | 1127 | 761 | 67.5 | CKD-EPI | Battery | High |
| Murray et al. [32] | 2022 | USA | Cross-sectional | <60 (60–30, <30) | 69.8 (SD 9.9) | 436 | 212 | 48.6 | CKD-EPI | Battery | Medium |
| Sheets et al. [33] | 2022 | USA | Cross-sectional | <60 | 69.7 (SD 9.7) | 420 | 202 | 48.1 | CKD-EPI | Battery | High |
| Pépin et al. [34] | 2023 | France | Longitudinal cohort | <60 | 66.82 (SD 12.87) | 3003 | 387 | 13 | CKD-EPI | MMSE | High |
| Yang et al. [35] | 2024 | China | Cross-sectional | ≥60 and <60 (60–30, <30) | <65 >65 |
416 | 210 | 50.4 | NR | MoCA MMSE |
High |
eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2); eGFR range: referring to the GFR interval reported in the selected literature, suggesting the level of kidney function in the subjects; total: number of the all participants in each study; events: participants with cognitive impairment; prevalence: events/total × 100%; CI: cognitive impairment; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease equation; CKD-EPI: chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration equation; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination Scale; SAGE: Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination Scale; NR: not reported.
Quality appraisal was carried out by Joanna Briggs Institute, 2016.