Table 2.

Symbols and their descriptions used in the Smart Parking Allocation Framework.

Symbol	Description
N	Number of parking spaces.
M	Number of vehicles requesting parking.
K	Number of traffic zones.
P	Set of parking space availability states, .
L	Set of traffic congestion levels for each zone, .
R	Set of vehicle parking requests, .
	Search time for vehicles to find a parking space.
	Energy consumption of vehicles while searching for parking.
C	Traffic congestion level in a specific zone.
U	Space utilization, indicating the proportion of utilized parking spaces.
	Weights for the multi-objective optimization function.
X	Initial population of solutions in Pareto optimization.
	Pareto-optimal set of solutions.
Q(S, A)	Q-value for a state-action pair in the MDP.
S	Current state, including parking availability, congestion levels, and requests.
A	Action taken, such as assigning a vehicle to a parking space.
R	Reward function in the MDP.
	Discount factor for future rewards in the MDP.
	Velocity of a particle in PSO.
	Position of a particle in PSO, representing parking assignments.
	Inertia weight in PSO.
	Acceleration coefficients in PSO for personal and global best updates.
	Random numbers between 0 and 1 used in PSO updates.
	Personal best position of a particle in PSO.
	Global best position among all particles in PSO.