FIGURE 4.

Assessment of the antibacterial ability of T-P-C/P@H in vitro. (A) The photographs and numbers of bacterial colony formation on agar plates after 24 h of co-culturing titanium materials were treated differently with E. coli and SA. (B) Photographs of the size of the inhibition zone of E. coli and SA on agar plates. (C) Contact and release antibacterial rates against E. coli and SA of T-P-C/P@H compared with those of the rest 3 groups. (D) The live/dead bacterial staining of E. coli and SA after 24 h of co-culturing with differently treated titanium materials (green for live bacteria, red for dead bacteria; scale bars = 100 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, compared with the Ti group.