Table 2.
Baseline and exercise stress echocardiography
| Variable | HF Stages AB (n = 30) |
HFpEF (n = 50) |
HFrEF (n = 40) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left ventricle and VAC | ||||
| LVMi, g/m2.7 | 118 (99–138) | 123 (82–146) | 138 (121–166)*‡ | 0.002 |
| RWT | 0.37 (0.33–040) | 0.40 (0.36–0.44) | 0.31 (0.26–0.36)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| Mitral E/A @rest | 1.0 (0.8–1.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.5) | 0.064 |
| Average E/e’ @rest | 10 (8–14) | 12 (9–18) | 11 (10–13) | 0.587 |
| Average E/e’ @peak | 9 (8–11) | 15 (11–18)* | 13 (10–18)* | 0.004 |
| SV, mL/beat @rest | 58 (45–76) | 59 (48–81) | 53 (39–69) | 0.210 |
| SV, mL/beat @peak | 78 (66–94) | 71 (60–88) | 67 (56–82) | 0.039 |
| CO, L/min @rest | 4.4 (3.4–6.3) | 4.3 (3.2–5.6) | 4.0 (3.2–5.6) | 0.277 |
| CO, L/min @peak | 11.1 (8.1–11.6) | 7.9 (6.3–9.8)* | 7.3 (6.0–9.4)* | 0.001 |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 @rest | 73 (51–93) | 65 (55–79) | 99 (83–125)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % @rest | 66 (62–69) | 63 (57–68) | 37 (30–42)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % @peak | 75 (70–78) | 70 (66–74)* | 42 (35–46)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| WMSI @rest | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 2.0 (2.0–2.2)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| WMSI @peak | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 2.0 (1.5–2.00)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| Average S’, cm/s @rest | 8.5 (7.0–9.5) | 6.5 (5.5–7.5)* | 5.5 (4.5–6.5)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| Average S’, cm/s @peak | 12.5 (11.0–13.8) | 8.5 (7.0–9.5)* | 7.0 (6.0–9.0)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| LVGLS, % @rest | 20 (17–24) | 14 (12–18)* | 8 (7–10)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| LVGLS, % @low-load effort | 21 (20–26) | 17 (13–20)* | 9 (8–12)*‡ | < 0.0001 |
| Left atrium | ||||
| LAVi, mL/m2 | 37 (23–47) | 44 (37–52)* | 40 (36–60) | 0.001 |
| LA reservoir strain, % @rest | 34 (21–35) | 18 (13–25)* | 16 (10–25)* | < 0.0001 |
| LA booster strain @rest (SR only) | 13 (11–20) | 10 (8–14) | 11 (6–15) | 0.033 |
| Right ventricle and pulmonary circulation | ||||
| TAPSE, mm @rest | 23 (21–26) | 21 (18–23) | 17 (15–21)* | 0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm @peak | 29 (25–31) | 24 (22–37)* | 22 (19–26)* | < 0.0001 |
| sPAP, mmHg @rest | 30 (24–40) | 43 (33–53)* | 36 (25–48) | 0.007 |
| sPAP, mmHg @peak | 40 (45–50) | 58 (45–70)* | 50 (45–60)* | < 0.0001 |
| TAPSE/sPAP, mm/mmHg @rest | 0.70 (0.50–1.00) | 0.45 (0.39–0.65)* | 0.48 (0.34–0.70)* | 0.001 |
| TAPSE/sPAP, mm/mmHg @peak | 0.58 (0.48–0.70) | 0.39 (0.31–0.51)* | 0.43 (0.33–0.52)* | < 0.0001 |
| mPAP/CO slope | 1.4 (0.7–2.2) | 2.8 (1.9–4.4)* | 2.7 (2.1–4.0)* | < 0.0001 |
| Congestion assessment | ||||
| IVC, mm | 15 (15–20) | 18 (15–21) | 18 (15–21) | 0.190 |
| IVC collapse > 50% | 29 (97) | 45 (90) | 32 (80) | 0.088 |
| RVF continuous/discontinuous | 30 (100)/0 | 41 (82)/9 (18) | 32 (80)/8 (20) | 0.035 |
| B-lines @rest | 0 (0–3) | 3 (2–9) | 4 (1–7) | 0.012 |
| B-lines @peak | 3 (2–7) | 11 (6–24)* | 10 (5–18)* | 0.002 |
| ΔB-lines | 3 (0–4) | 8 (3–13)* | 6 (3–9)* | 0.001 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median [25th quartile, 75th quartile]
CO: cardiac output; EDV: end-diastolic volume; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; LAVi: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricle; LVEDVi: left ventricle end-diastolic volume index; LVGLS: left ventricle global longitudinal strain; LVMi: left ventricle mass index; MR: mitral regurgitation; RVF: renal venous flow; RWT: relative wall thickness; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; SV: stroke volume; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WMSI: wall motion score index
^parameters @peak were obtained only 147 patients with HFpEF and 138 patients with ASpEF
*p < 0.01 vs. Controls; ‡ p < 0.01 vs. HFpEF