Table 5.

Phenolic profiles of the initial, gastric, and intestinal phases of green propolis extracts after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Compound	Phenolic profiles (mg/100 g)
	Green propolis-lactic acid solution (10%)				Green propolis-ethanolic solution (10%)
	Initial	Gastric phase	Intestinal phase		Initial	Gastric phase	Intestinal phase
Gallic acid	26.1±0.0b	36.7±0.0b	167.3±30.5a		12.1±0.0b	4.4±0.2c	48.1±36.3b
Protocatechuic acid	ND	ND	ND		9.8±0.0a	4.4±0.1a	36.8±23.4a
2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid	70.7±0a	68.0±0.0b	3.6±0.2e		7.4±0.0c	6.0±0.0d	ND
o-Coumaric acid	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
trans-Cinnamic acid	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
Hesperedin	39.7±0.0d	23.1±0.0e	9.8±0.1f		62.1±0.0b	44.2±0.3c	209.0±0.5a
Vanilin	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
Pinocembrin	459.6±0.0a	167.9±0.0d	153.3±36.1d		379.6±0.0b	121.8±7.0d	240.3±14.4c
Naringenin	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
Taxifolin	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
Galangin	ND	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND
Chlorogenic acid	33.8±0.0b	18.2±0.0c	43.4±0.7b		21.8±0.0c	17.6±0.4c	150.8±6.8a
Cryptochlorogenic acid	6.2±0.0b	5.5±0.0bc	5.2±1.4bc		4.4±0.0bc	3.0±0.0c	13.2±0.9a
Caffeic acid	599.6±0.0b	588.2±0.0c	428.1±2.3d		305.6±0.0e	305.7±1.7e	819.3±6.4a
Cynarin	196.3±0.0c	164.3±0.0c	264.0±2.1b		116.3±0.0d	101.8±5.8d	1,006.5±28.8a
Ferulic acid	1,241.8±0.0b	1,175.5±0.0b	1,026.5±24.7b		1,041.8±0.0b	749.0±2.2c	2,869.9±147.5a
Sinapic acid	ND	294.0±0.0a	271.8±2.0b		ND	169.3±8.4c	ND
p-Coumaric acid	1,989.6±0.0b	1,759.3±0.0c	2,014.3±14.8b		1,589.6±0.0d	1,231.0±5.2e	6,118.7±62.1a
Rosmarinic acid	1,735.1±0.0b	1,588.2±0.0b	1,492.2±6.8b		1,535.1±0.0b	1,062.3±8.9c	4,679.5±205.6a
Apigenin	93.2±0.0a	13.8±0.0c	ND		73.4±0.0b	ND	ND
Quercetin	873.0±0.0a	ND	53.2±4.3c		519.0±0.0b	3.7±2.7e	19.4±3.6d
Kaempferol	905.4±0.0a	ND	37.7±10.2c		464.6±0.0b	0.9±1.3e	12.8±5.8d

Values are presented as mean±SD of three independent samples.

Different letters in the rows represent statistically significant differences (P<0.05).

ND, not determined.