Biodegradation of various edible oils and fat by Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 for application in bioremediation of lipid rich restaurant wastewater

Abstract

The disposal of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) pollutants from various sources, including restaurants, food processing facilities, and domestic kitchens, poses significant challenges to wastewater treatment systems. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel bacterial strain. The result of 16 S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate was Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis and named as VSJK R1 (Fig. S1). It was tested for its biodegradation potential of FOG contaminants. Our investigation revealed that Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 effectively degraded a variety of edible oils, including soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, palm, groundnut, and butter, with notable efficiency. Optimization studies were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for biodegradation, including the effects of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, pH, temperature, and salt concentration. Results indicated that organic nitrogen sources and glucose as carbon source significantly enhanced biodegradation rates, while the addition of phosphorus further improved degradation efficiency within specific concentration ranges. Moreover, the optimal pH for biodegradation was found to be neutral, with temperature ranging between 22°C and 45°C favoring microbial activity. Remarkably, Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 exhibited resilience to high salt concentrations, making it suitable for treatment of wastewater with elevated salt content. Additionally, comparative studies with other microbial strains underscored the unique biodegradation capabilities of Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1, particularly in degrading various edible oils. The results suggest promising applications of this novel isolate in bioremediation efforts targeting FOG pollutants in wastewater treatment plants and grease traps. Future research may focus on scaling up the bioremediation process and field testing the efficacy of Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 in real-world wastewater treatment scenarios.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42770-024-01577-7.

Introduction

The Fat, oil and Grease (FOG) pollutants are mainly found in the wastewater generated from the restaurant [1], dairy industry [2] and also from food processing entities [3]. The remarkable increase in oily wastewater discharge from these sources is observed with progressive development in food business [4]. The societies, offices, canteens are also contributing the oily wastewater in municipal sewage [5]. Considering the pollution problems associated with FOG in wastewater, remarkable research is being targeted to combat with these pollutants [6]. The oily wastewater generated from above sources is characterized by oil/fat originated from plant or animal source that is commonly being used in cooking process, proteins and other organic substances as part of food and most important and salt, commonly used ingredient of food [7]. This constituent together imparts high COD value to the wastewater [8, 9] making it difficult to treat [10].

The main problem associate with oily pollutants is their chemical nature, since being having low density; they remain floating on surface of wastewater. The presence of soap, detergents in wastewater cause them to emulsify in aqueous environment [11]. The emulsified oily pollutants often fail to get trapped in the grease traps and enter in the environment. They affect the biological treatment by interfering with dissolution of oxygen from environment [12] and also harms the environment [13]. Management of fats, oils, and grease (FOG) in aquatic environments presents numerous challenges, including the coating of animal and plant surfaces with oil, reduction of oxygen transfer rates, and increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater. These consequences adversely impact the ecosystem by diminishing dissolved oxygen levels, hindering the growth of aerobic life forms, and even causing fatalities [14].

Additionally, FOG poses complications in wastewater collection and treatment systems, leading to pipeline blockages, corrosion, and unpleasant odors within treatment facilities [15]. The fat present in the wastewater solidifies and leads to blockage of sewer lines [16] which leads to overflow and exposes the living beings to potential pathogens [17]. To address these issues, techniques such as air flotation are employed to separate FOG from wastewater, followed by disposal. However, this practice contributes to pollution, highlighting the need for more sustainable solutions [18]. Although the routine treatments like physical and chemical methods are in practice to remove the pollutants but they are expensive [19]. Bioremediation, both aerobic and anaerobic, has emerged as a promising approach for mitigating FOG contamination [20–23].

Microorganisms play a crucial role in biodegrading oil-contaminated effluents, offering a viable avenue for remediation efforts [24]. The Biological methods are more superior over physical and chemical methods with respect to cost, efficiency and environment friendliness [25, 26]. The enzymatic activity of microorganisms, particularly lipase secretion, facilitates the breakdown of FOG into manageable byproducts, which serve as a substrate for microbial growth. This enzymatic capability presents an opportunity for screening lipolytic microorganisms to identify efficient isolates for FOG-rich effluent bioremediation [27–29]. There are many investigations targeting the degradation of FOG by microorganisms [30, 31]. The time duration taken by the microbial agents for degradation is another key factor for researching the newer and high efficient isolates.

To bring the biodegradation of FOG in less time span and efficiently, it is necessary to screen the different bacteria for the construction of a library consisting of efficient FOG degrading microorganism. Moreover, it is important to test the potential of individual bacteria to degrade the various edible oils and under various conditions like temperature, pH and at various salt concentrations. The biodegradation performance of these microorganisms can be boosted by determining the optimum nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus source. The objectives of present research were to isolate lipolytic bacteria from restaurant wastewater, to bring its identification and to test its potential to degrade various edible oils used in restaurants, kitchens. Furthermore, the studies were extended to determine nutrients and treatment parameters required for optimal biodegradation performance.

The present study first time sheds a light on potential of Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 for biodegradation of FOG and found it as a potential candidate for bioremediation in restaurant wastewater.

Materials and methods

Sample collection

The wastewater was collected from the chamber of restaurant (Islampur − 17.0499° N, 74.2652° E, Maharashtra, India) situated along the sewer line in the sterile plastic bottles and transferred to the laboratory in a container while maintaining 4ºC temperature.

Enrichment of sample

The enrichment of the sample was carried out by inoculating 1 mL of restaurant wastewater sample in a sterile Bushnell Hans Medium (BH) [32] fortified with 1% V/V soybean oil. The soybean oil was considered for enrichment because of it has been frequently utilized in the restaurant for cooking activities. The inoculated flasks were incubated with continuous shaking at 100 rpm, at 30°C, for 7 days on a rotary shaker. Visual observation of flasks was carried out for every 24 h for growth.

Isolation of bacterial isolates

The isolation of lipolytic bacteria was carried out on Tributyrin Agar plates (TBA) (HiMedia). The serial dilution of enriched sample was carried out in a physiological saline (0.85% NaCl) from10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁵. 0.1 mL of diluted aliquot from 10⁻³, 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵ dilution was aseptically spread on sterile TBA plate. The plates were incubated at 37^oC for 48 h. After incubation, the plates were observed for colonies showing hydrolysis zone.

Identification of isolate

The obtained isolate was sent at Yaazh Xenomics in Tamil Nadu, India for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The EXpure Microbial DNA isolation kit (Bogar Bio Bee Stores Pvt. Ltd.) was used for isolation of DNA from bacterial culture. PCR amplification was performed using isolated DNA as the template in a 25 µl reaction mixture. The reaction mixture consisted of 1.5 µl each of forward (27F − 5’ AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG 3’) and reverse (1492R − 5’ GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT 3’) primers. Deionized water (5 µl) and Master Mix − (12 µl) were added to ensure optimal reaction conditions. PCR amplification was performed using a thermal cycler following a precise thermal cycling protocol with following reaction conditions for 30 cycles. DNA denaturation was carried out at 94 °C for 3 min. Subsequent denaturation steps were performed at 94°C for 30 s. Primer annealing was carried out at 60°C for 30 s. DNA synthesis was facilitated at 72°C for 1 min. A final extension step was conducted at 72°C for 10 min. The reaction was held at 4°C indefinitely. The amplified PCR products were purified using a Montage PCR Clean-up kit (Millipore) and sequenced using ABI PRISM^® BigDyeTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kits (Applied Biosystems). The identification of the isolate was carried out by searching in database of EzBiocloud server [33]. The phylogenetic relationship was obtained by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis X (MEGA X) software [34] with a 1000 bootstrap values using a neighbor joining algorithm. The gaps between the sequences were not considered during sequence similarity evaluation.

Degradation of various edible oils in a mineral medium

Degradation studies were carried out in a mineral medium prepared by dissolving 0.057 g of NH₄Cl, 0.043 g of KH₂PO₄, 0.109 g of K₂HPO₄, 0.133 g of Na₂HPO₄, 0.0023 g of MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.0028 g of CaCl₂ - and 0.0025 g of FeCl₃.6H₂O in/100 mL of distilled water [35]. 50 mL of medium was fortified with 1% V/V of various refined edible oils like soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, groundnut, palm and butter (representative of solid fat). All the edibles were purchased from the local market of Shirala, Dist- Sangli (India, State - Maharashtra). The inoculum (5%V/V) of the isolate was added into the medium and incubation was carried out at 30 °C up to 7 days with continuous shaking on a rotary shaker set at 100 RPM speed. The flask containing the un-inoculated medium was kept as a control. Partition gravimetric method was employed for determination of FOG content from the medium. The treatment was repeated in triplicates and the mean percentage of degradation and standard deviation was calculated.

Inoculum preparation

The loopful growth of the isolate was inoculated in 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL of nutrient broth. The flasks were incubated at 30^oC for overnight with continuous shaking on a rotary shaker set at a speed of 100 rpm. The centrifugation of the incubated broth was carried out for 20 min. at 4ºC and 5000 rpm speed to obtain the microbial growth in the form of pellet. The washing of pellet was repeatedly carried out using a sterile phosphate buffer of strength 0.02 M with pH 7. Washed pellets were re-suspended in physiological saline (0.85% NaCl W/V) to obtain cell density of about 1.5 × 10⁸ cells/mL using 0.5 McFarland standard as a reference at 600 nm wavelength.

Determination of FOG content

Partition Gravimetric technique of APHA, AWWA and WEF, 1995 with slight modification was followed for estimation of FOG. The medium was acidified (pH 2) and used to extract the FOG with the help of 50 mL of n - Hexane. The medium and n-Hexane was shaken vigorously in separating funnel for 10 min. The flask was kept aside in undisturbed condition for separation of water and hexane layer. The water layer was separated and hexane layer was passed through 5 g of anhydrous Na₂SO₄ placed on a filter paper in a glass funnel to make it moisture free and collected in a separate pre-weighed flask. The water layer was repeatedly subjected for re-extraction with 25 mL of fresh n-Hexane and above steps was repeated. The collected n-Hexane volume was evaporated at 70^oC in a water bath to obtain residual oil content. The percent oil degradation was estimated by comparing oil content from treated flask with a control.

Calculation

% FOG degraded = (Weight of FOG in control - Weight of FOG after treatment/Weight of FOG in control) X 100.

Optimization of degradation

The optimization study was carried out in a mineral medium [35]. The soybean oil was added into the medium 1% V/V, since it has been routinely preferred by restaurant for cooking activities. All optimization studies except for pH and temperature were conducted at pH 7 and 30^oC for seven days at 100 RPM on rotary shaker in triplicates to determine best carbon (glucose, lactose, fructose and sucrose @ 1% W/V), nitrogen (peptone, yeast extract, beef extract, NH₄Cl, NaNO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄ @ 1% W/V) and phosphorus (K₂HPO₄) concentration @ 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2 and 1.4% W/V. The effect of various temperatures, pH and salt was studied on the performance of isolate. The oil content was determined by using partition gravimetric method. The un-inoculated flask was kept as a control for every treatment.

Statistical analysis

All the experiments were repeated thrice to determine the mean value and standard deviation. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel.

Results and discussion

Enrichment and isolation of lipolytic bacteria

The flask with BH medium inoculated with wastewater sample turned milky. This was mainly due to activity of lipolytic bacteria. The striking of serially diluted enriched sample on Tributyrin agar has yielded the colonies showing zone of lipolysis around them. Total of nine lipolytic bacterial isolates were isolated. One of the isolates, R1 (Fig. 1A and B) showing lipolysis was selected for further studies. The colony characters and biochemical characteristics of the isolate are listed in Tables 1 and 2. 

Fig. 1.

A Isolate R1 with lipolytic zone on tributyrin agar medium. B Morphology of isolate R1under microscope (100X)

Table 1.

Colony characters of the isolate R1

Size	Shape	Color	Margin	Opacity	Consistency	Elevation
< 1 mm	Circular	White	Entire	Opaque	Moist	Raised

Table 2.

Biochemical characteristics of the isolate R1

Sr. No	Characters	R5
1	Gram Nature and Morphology	Gram Positive cocci
2	Sugar Fermentation
	a) Glucose	+
	b) Sucrose	+
	c) Mannitol	+
	d) Maltose	+
	e) Lactose	+
	f) Fructose	-
	g) Galactose	+
	h) Arabinose	-
	i) Xylose	-
3	Amylase	-
4	Gelatinase	-
5	Lipase	+
6	Lecithinase	-
7	Caseinase	-
8	Catalase	+
9	Oxidase	-
10	Coagulase	-
11	Hemolysis	+
12	Indole	-
13	Methyl red	-
14	VP	-
15	Citrate	-
16	Hugh & Leifson’s Test	O & F
17	L-Lysine DC	-
18	Phenyl alanine DA	-
19	Arginine HD	+
20	H2S	-
21	Urease	-
22	Nitrate	+
23	Growth at
	a) 4oC	-
	b) 40oC	+
	c) 7.5% salt	+
	d) 10% salt	+
	e) 15% salt	+

Identification of isolate

The isolate was identified as strains of Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis from the result of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses. It was named as Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1. The sequence was submitted in the database of DNA Data Bank Japan (DDBJ) under the accession no LC314649. The phylogenetic tree of isolate was constructed with 1000 bootstrap values using a neighbor joining algorithm (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic position of isolate R1- Staphylococcus epidermidis VSJK R1

Degradation potential of Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1

The degradation potential of isolate was tested by using edible oils -soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, groundnut, palm and fat- butter. The results have been presented in Table 3 and illustrated in Fig. 3. The potential of isolate R1 to degrade the edible oils and fat was checked. It was observed from Fig. 3 that, out of five edible oils, the maximum degradation was observed for soybean − 61.00 ± 3.16%, sunflower − 53.81 ± 2.87% and cottonseed oil − 51.36 ± 2.67%. The palm and groundnut were the second most in ranking regarding degradation susceptibility; they recorded 48.84 ± 3.09% and 44.76 ± 1.50% degradation respectively. The butter was less degraded by isolate and accounts for up to 36.67 ± 4.63% degradation. The higher melting point of butter accounts for its less susceptibility for microbial degradation. The residual oil left after treatment has shown in Fig. 3. The susceptibility of oils and fat for biodegradation by isolate R1 was recorded as soybean > sunflower > cottonseed > palm > groundnut > butter.

Table 3.

Degradation of edible oils and fat by Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1

Oils and Fat	% Reduction	Oil residue in control g/L	Oil residue after treatment g/L
Soybean	61.00 ± 3.16	7.537 ± 0.235	2.939 ± 0.238
Sunflower	53.81 ± 2.87	7.713 ± 0.141	3.386 ± 0.221
Cottonseed	51.36 ± 2.67	7.853 ± 0.080	3.819 ± 0.209
Groundnut	44.76 ± 1.50	7.806 ± 0.083	4.311 ± 0.117
Palm	48.84 ± 3.09	7.866 ± 0.094	4.023 ± 0.243
Butter	36.67 ± 4.63	7.786 ± 0.050	4.930 ± 0.360

N.B.- Values represent mean ± SD during the experiment performed in triplicates

Fig. 3.

Degradation of edible oils and fat by isolate R1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa SS-219 and Acinetobacter sp. SS-192 were tested to degrade the salad oil, lard, beef tallow and mixed oil (salad oil 1: lard 1: beef tallow: 1, W/W) in alkaline artificial wastewater at 37ºC, pH 9.0 at 0.3% W/V concentration during 24 h of incubation. The degradation range was in between 63.6 ± 1.9 to 89.5 ± 1.5% [36]. Bacillus tropicus, Pseudomonas multiresinivorans, and Raoultella terrigena were explored for degradation of soybean oil (0.3% W/V) in mineral based degradation medium at 30ºC, during 72 h of incubation and recorded more than 70% degradation [10].

Optimization studies

Effects of nitrogen source

The Impact of nitrogen sources on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 4. Since the edible oil is lacking the nitrogen in their structure and biodegradation is dependent on nitrogen, one of important nutrient required for bioremediation, the effect of various organic and inorganic nitrogen source was studied. The results showed the organic nitrogen sources (Peptone, Yeast Extract and Beef Extract) recorded higher biodegradation as compared to other inorganic nitrogen sources (NaNO₃,(NH₄)₂SO₄ and Urea) except for NH₄Cl which recorded highest biodegradation about 63.41 ± 3.495%. The NH₄Cl was most suitable nitrogen source to use for biodegradation of soybean oil by isolate Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1. The results of present study are different from results of Shon et al. [37], where they observed that organic nitrogen sources were highly effective for biodegradations compared to NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂SO₄and nearly equivalent to KNO₃. 

Fig. 4.

Effects of nitrogen on the biodegradation of soybean oil

Effects of carbon source

The Impact of carbon sources on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Effects of carbon on the biodegradation of soybean oil

The enhancement effect of carbon on oil degradation was observed. The addition of glucose recorded the highest degradation about 71.37%. The enhancement was mainly due to the impact of simplest sugar source on growth of isolate which has resulted in large cell population and highest degradation. 

Effects of phosphorus

The Impact of various phosphorus concentrations on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 6. With rise in phosphorus concentration, the rise in oil degradation was observed within the concentration range of 0.1 to 0.6%. These observations are consistent with study conducted by Shon et al. [37]. The highest degradation was recorded about 76.34 ± 2.5% at 0.6% K₂HPO₄. Further increase in concentration of K₂HPO₄ did not result in improved degradation, rather caused decrease in degradation percentage. This might be due to effect of osmosis. The role of Nitrogen and Phosphorus is very critical for optimum biodegradation of oil in wastewater hence needed to add during the treatment [37, 38]. The Acinetobacter SOD-1 recorded around 74% salad oil degradation at 10.6 mM of (NH₄)₂HPO₄. The lack of buffering components in the medium has lead to the drop in the pH of basal media. Hence neutralization of free fatty acids that are generated from degradation of salad or other oil is required for optimum cell growth and to obtain higher degradation percentage [38]. 

Fig. 6.

Effects of K₂HPO₄ on the biodegradation of soybean oil

Effects of pH

The Impact of various pH on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 7. The pH affected the extent of oil degradation due to hampering permeability of cell membrane, nutrient uptake; ultimately reducing growth of bacteria [30, 39]. The acidic pH − 4 and 5 recorded least degradation, being 5.03 ± 1.56 and 10.45 ± 1.65% respectively. This finding is in line with previous data showing most of isolates fails to record degradation in acidic pH [30, 40]. Similar impact was observed for alkaline pH 9, recorded about 9.07 ± 3.37%. The maximum oil degradation was observed between the pH range of 6 to 8 as reported by [30]. The highest degradation, about 71.45 ± 3.16% was recorded for pH 7. The degradation effect is cumulative action of bacterial growth and lipase synthesized. The isolate under study grows better and synthesize lipase at neutral pH, hence recording highest degradation percentage at pH 7. The extent of oil degradation does not vary distinctively for pH 6 and pH 7. Bacillus tropicus, Pseudomonas multiresinivorans, and Raoultella terrigena recorded 46.43 ± 5.48%, 89.65 ± 1.08%, and 59.83 ± 6.09% soybean degradation at pH 7. The isolates were effective within pH range of 5–9 [10]. There are reports mentioning the biodegradation of oily pollutants by Pseudomonas aeruginosa [36], R. planticola [41], Acinetobacter sp [36, 38]. 

Fig. 7.

Effects of pH on the biodegradation of soybean oil

Effects of temperature

The impact of various temperatures on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 8. The oil degradation occurs within a temperature range of 22ºC to 45ºC. The optimum degradation was observed at 37ºC recording 72.56% degradation. At 45ºC, the growth of organism gets affected; hence further increase in temperature results in lesser degradation. At the lower temperature; 4ºC, the least degradation was observed. The observed temperature dependent deviation in degradation was mainly due to the effect of temperature on growth of microorganism, and its consequent effect on enzyme synthesis as well as the activity of an enzyme [42]. The enhanced metabolic activity of microorganisms at higher temperature also causes reduced biodegradation [43].

Fig. 8.

Effects of temperature on the biodegradation of soybean oil

The preferred degradation temperature range was consistent with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa D2D3 [37]. The results indicated that degradation was dependent on growth of isolate as well the dispersion of oil in the water [37, 44]. Bacillus tropicus, Pseudomonas multiresinivorans, and Raoultella terrigena degraded the soybean oil (0.3% W/V) within temperature range of 25–45ºC and recorded highest degradation; 67.30 ± 3.69%, 82.60 ± 11.30%,59.83 ± 6.09% respectively at optimum temperature ranging from 30 to 40ºC [10]. The report has shown that Acinetobacter SOD-1 degraded 0.2% of salad oil by 85% in 24 h of incubation at 28ºC and at pH 7 [38]. As compared to Acinetobacter SOD-1 (68.2% ± 2.7%), the isolate Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1recorded 35.56 ± 1.56% degradation at the temperature around 20ºC and at 1% oil concentration; notably higher concentration than mentioned in previous studies. The type of edible oil, the concentration of oil under study, number of cells inoculated are the main factors accounting for this difference.

Effects of salt (NaCl)

The Impact of salt (NaCl) on oil biodegradation was studied and the results have been illustrated in Fig. 9. The salty food items add the salt in the wastewater generated from restaurant. It was very interesting to determine the effect of table salt (NaCl) on performance of Staphylococcus petrasiisub sp. jettensis VSJK R1. The higher salt concentration affects the microbial physiology, metabolism and enzyme activity, hence affecting the degradation potential [45]. Zhao et al. [10] observed impact of osmotic pressure on oil degradation potential of Bacillus tropicus, Pseudomonas multiresinivorans, and Raoultella terrigena. They noticed reduced oil degradation at lower and higher NaCl concentrations. The highest degradation was observed at 10 g/L,5 g/L, and 15 g/L for isolate Bacillus tropicus, Pseudomonas multiresinivorans, and Raoultella terrigen recording about 53.94 ± 2.61%, 89.63 ± 1.62%, and 79.60 ± 5.30%. degradation of soybean oil respectively. The results of present study revealed the insignificant effect of salt on oil degradation by Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1. This makes the isolate suitable for treatment of wastewater characterized by high salt concentration. The similar effect was observed by Shon et al. [37] on degradation potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa D2D3 where they tested the different salt concentration as 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% .

Fig. 9.

Effects of salt (NaCl) on the biodegradation of soybean oil

The finding of present study highlighted the potential of novel strain Staphylococcus petrasiisub sp. jettensis VSJK R1for aerobic degradation of soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, groundnut, palm and butter. There are several reports mentioning the degradation of edible oil by Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas [36, 46–52], Burkholderia sp. DW2 [56], Rhodobacter sphaeroides S (S strain) [57], E. aerogenes E13 and Arthrobacter sp. N3 [58]. There are very few studies reporting the biodegradation of edible oil by Staphylococcus [59–61] and none has been reported the biodegradation by Staphylococcus petrasii.

The novel isolate, Staphylococcus petrasii sub sp. jettensis VSJK R1 possess notable efficiency for degradation of these lipid compounds. The optimum parameters like nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, pH, temperature and salt were determined for on field possible application of the isolate for bioremediation particularly in grease traps or wastewater treatment plants designated for treatment of oily wastewater originating from domestic kitchens and restaurants.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Author contributions

VPS, study design, conceptualization and MS writing; VKS and RPS, MS review and editing. 

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability

All the data related to the manuscript is included as figures, and tables.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.