Table 2.

Anticancer activity of different phytoconstituents

S. No.	Active constituents	Activity	Animal model	Major finding	References
1.	Ginsenosides	Antitumor	MCF-7 xenograft mouse model	FA-Rg5-BSA NPs had more efficacy in suppressing tumor development compared to Rg5 and Rg5-BSA NPs, demonstrating improved tumor accumulation capability.	[57]
2.	QC, miquelianin, isoquercetin	Antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy	Orthotopic-4T1 breast tumor model	Qu-NPs enhanced the notable anticancer and antimetastatic activities by suppressing uPA.	[58]
3.	Tymol, carvacrol, linalool, p-cymene	Antitumor	Homogenous matrix model	ZMSLN exhibited much superior antitumor efficacy compared to ZMEO and ZMSLN had a clear inhibitory impact on cell proliferation.	[60, 110]
4.	Poly-d-glucosamine	Antimetastatic and antitumor	Hepatocarcino-ma cells model	Increased cell-killing power and improved ability to be absorbed by the body.	[66, 111]
5.	Curcumin	Antitumor, brain tumors, breast and pancreatic cancers	Xenograft mouse model	FA-functionalized NPs with a magnetic field improved the cytotoxicity of drug-loaded nanocomposites.	[74, 112]
6.	Campthothecin	Antitumor	Albumin-bound PTX model, tumor xenografts	A more easy administration and efficacy and safety data support nab-PTX as a breast cancer reference taxane.	[84, 113]
7.	Piperine	Antitumor and prostate cancer	Nude mice model xenografted	Black pepper has been identified as a powerful nutraceutical that may effectively inhibit the development of chronic myeloid leukemia.	[89, 114, 115]

BSA: bovine serum albumin; FA: folic acid; NPs: nanoparticles; PTX: paclitaxel; QC: quercetin