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. 2025 Mar 7;20:23. doi: 10.1186/s13722-025-00550-5

Table 2.

Frequency and percentages of UDS cases and UDS results by jail characteristics and arrestee demographics

UDS Result for Any Drugb
UDS Casesa
(N = 43553)
Positive
(n = 32561)
Negative
(n = 10992)
Variable n % n % n %
Jail Characteristics
Jail Location
   West 17,232 39.6 13,176 40.5 4056 36.9
   South 13,904 31.9 10,241 31.5 3663 33.3
   Midwest 12,417 28.5 9144 28.1 3273 29.8
Jail Size
   Medium-Large 5595 12.8 4322 13.3 5379 11.6
   Large 20,406 46.9 15,027 46.2 1273 48.9
   Mega 17,552 40.3 13,212 40.6 4340 39.5
Arrestee Demographics
Sex
   Male 27,622 63.4 20,645 63.4 6977 63.5
   Female 15,931 36.6 11,916 36.6 4015 36.5
Race
   White 22,716 52.2 17,745 54.5 4971 45.2
   Black 14,937 34.3 10,917 33.5 4020 36.6
   Hispanic 229 0.5 127 0.4 102 0.9
   Asian 581 1.3 372 1.1 209 1.9
   Other 76 0.2 55 0.2 21 0.2
   Unknown 5014 11.5 3345 10.3 1669 15.2
Age Groups
   Adolescent (age 15–19) 1821 4.2 1399 4.3 422 3.8
   Young Adult (age 20–39) 26,272 60.3 19,946 61.3 6326 57.6
   Adult (age 40–59) 13,383 30.7 9905 30.4 3478 31.6
   Senior (age 60 or older) 2077 4.8 1311 4.0 766 7.0

Note. Geographical location of jails coded according to the census regions of the U.S. Census Bureau 2020) (Northeast not represented). Jail size categories based on contracted bed capacity of a given facility: Medium-Large (250–499), Large (500–999), and Mega (≥ 1,000). Race Others include Indigenous, Hawaiian, and South Asian

a UDS Case percentages were calculated by dividing the number of UDS cases for each jail characteristic and arrestee demographic variable by the total number of UDS cases

b UDS Results percentages were calculated by dividing the number of UDS results (positive or negative) for each jail characteristic and arrestee demographic variable by the total number of UDS results (positive or negative)