Table 4.

Chi-square test of independence results testing associations between UDS results and jail characteristic or arrestee demographic

	Percentage of Arrestees in a Given Group with a Positive UDS Result
	Any Drug	Cannabis	Opiates	Sedatives	Stimulants
Jail Characteristics
Jail Location
West	76.46*	61.51*	34.23*	11.30*	62.94*
South	73.66	72.49*	27.23*	14.71*	51.13*
Midwest	73.64	75.84*	25.51*	11.31*	47.26*
	χ2(2) = 43.70	χ2(2) = 603.70	χ2(2) = 236.34	χ2(2) = 74.93	χ2(2) = 618.43
Jail Size
Medium-Large	44.55*	61.43*	34.68*	13.40	64.02*
Large	92.19*	69.79	29.19	11.00*	54.63
Mega	75.27	70.56*	28.36*	13.60*	52.03*
	χ2(2) = 7318.57	χ2(2) = 135.10	χ2(2) = 64.57	χ2(2) = 48.68	χ2(2) = 189.53
Arrestee Demographics
Sex
Female	74.80	66.82*	28.26*	13.62*	53.30*
Male	74.74	70.24*	30.34	11.65	55.70*
	χ2(1) = 0.02, p =.896	χ2(1) = 41.47	χ2(1) = 15.65	χ2(1) = 26.94	χ2(1) = 17.58
Race
White	78.12*	60.26*	37.78*	14.85*	66.07*
Black	72.99*	84.29*	16.75*	7.61*	36.16*
Hispanic	55.46*	59.84	25.98	15.75	54.33
Asian	64.03*	59.41*	22.85*	11.56	65.32*
Other	72.37	58.18	29.09	10.91	80.00*
Unknown	66.71*	66.94	28.85	14.74*	54.47
	χ2(5) = 413.09	χ2(5) = 1856.61	χ2(5) = 1444.67	χ2(5) = 347.97	χ2(5) = 2471.63
Age in Years
Adolescent (age 15–19)	76.83	94.50*	12.65*	6.50*	18.87*
Young Adult (age 20–39)	75.92*	72.86*	30.54*	11.08*	51.57*
Adult (age 40–59)	74.01	59.49*	30.11	14.82*	66.19*
Senior (age 60 or older)	63.12*	54.77*	29.14	19.76*	56.75
	χ2(3) = 176.01	χ2(3) = 1107.06	χ2(3) = 202.67	χ2(3) = 195.60	χ2(3) = 1333.95

Note. All chi-square test statistics significant at p <.001 unless otherwise note. Geographical location of jails coded according to the census regions of the U.S. Census Bureau 2020) (Northeast not represented). Jail size categories based on contracted bed capacity of a given facility: Medium-Large (250–499), Large (500–999), and Mega (≥ 1,000). Race Others include: Indigenous, Hawaiian, and South Asian

*Difference in proportions significant at p <.05 based on standardized residual