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. 2025 Mar 7;20:23. doi: 10.1186/s13722-025-00550-5

Table 5.

Frequency of positive UDS cases for drug type combinations of one to four drugs rank ordered from most to least prevalent

Number of Drugsa Rank Orderb
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

One Drug

n = 16,651 (51.1%)

Cannabis Stimulants Opiates Sedatives
   n 10,541 4261 1266 583
   % 63.3 25.6 7.6 3.5

Two Drugs

n = 11,137 (34.2%)

Cannabis, Stimulants Opiates, Stimulants Cannabis, Opiates Cannabis, Sedatives Sedatives, Stimulants Opiates, Sedatives
   n 5897 2798 1157 627 398 260
   % 53.0 25.1 10.4 5.6 3.6 2.3

Three Drugs

n = 4,042 (12.4%)

Cannabis, Opiates, Stimulants Cannabis, Sedatives, Stimulants Opiates, Sedatives, Stimulants Cannabis, Opiates, Sedatives
   n 2612 622 531 277
   % 64.6 15.4 13.1 6.9

Four Drugs

n = 731 (2.3%)

Cannabis, Opiates, Sedatives, Stimulants
   n 731
   % 100

a Percentages for combination groups were calculated by dividing the number of UDS cases positive for a given number of drugs by the total number of positive UDS cases (n = 32561). For example, the following formula was used to calculate the percentage of UDS cases positive for only one drug: Inline graphic

b Percentages for each specific drug type combination in each row (one, two, three, or four drugs) were calculated by dividing the number of UDS cases positive for a given drug combination by the total number of cases producing UDS results positive for the corresponding number of drugs. For example, the following formula was used to calculate the percentage of UDS cases positive for only cannabis: Inline graphic